两种大气汞排放监测方法的比较研究

对吸附管离线采样法及高锰酸钾溶液吸收法两种固定源大气汞排放监测方法进行了比较研究。结果表明:由于有更严谨周密的采样过程及质量保证/质量控制过程,吸附管离线采样法监测精度高于高锰酸钾溶液吸收法。吸附管离线采样法在含汞废气低浓度情况下其相对标准偏差为7.88%,而高浓度条件下监测精度明显下降。高锰酸钾溶液吸收法在采样方法上存在一些缺陷,未来该国标方法应重点在采样环节进行修订完善,并亟待建立适合于高浓度固定源含汞废气监测的高锰酸钾溶液吸收法。     

利用网格采样法比较潮间带沉积物不同粒度区域重金属含量特征

采用网格采样法,在渤海湾潮间带泥质区、泥沙过渡区和粉沙区分别以10 m和1 m为间隔,采集了384个表层沉积物样品,对Al、Fe、Ti、Mn、Ba、Sr、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu 10种重金属含量特征进行研究,对比了潮间带不同粒度沉积物中重金属的蓄积特征.结果表明,10种重金属在淤泥、泥沙混合、粉沙3种研究区的总含量分别为147.37、98.68和94.27 g·kg-1,粒度变化造成重金属含量的显著分异;除Ba、Sr倾向在富含长石的粗颗粒区富集外,多数重金属元素呈现细颗粒区富集倾向;Sr含量受粒度变化影响最大,而Cr、Ti含量受粒度变化影响相对较小.     

Locating Escherichia coli contamination in a rural South Carolina watershed

One of the problems associated with the use of ambient water quality standards in surface water regulation is the difficulty of identifying and regulating nonpoint source pollution, making such standards unenforceable, especially at the local level. We used the Escherichia coli indicator to locate the most contaminated reaches in rural South Carolina's Bush River watershed (297 km(2), 186 stream-km). We divided the watershed into 20 smaller reaches and sampled each reach multiple times, but restricted each sampling round to one day. We located four low order creek reaches, representing just nine stream-km, where we observed geometric mean E. coli densities of over 1250 E. coli/100 mL; in each case, the source of the contamination (riparian grazing of cattle) was easily identifiable. On the Bush River itself, we observed a step change in one reach where geometric means increased from 106 E. coli/100 mL to 565 E. coli/100 mL over the reach's 10 km length. In this case, the sources of contamination were not as obvious as in the lower order streams; in this case, more advanced Microbial Source Tracking techniques will be required to identify the sources. Nevertheless, this sampling protocol helped locate polluted reaches and provided decision-makers with reasonable justifications for concrete action in deciding where (or where not) to install conservation practices and where more sophisticated (and expensive) MST techniques were warranted.     

Spatial and Geographical Variations of Urban, Suburban and Rural Atmospheric Concentrations of Phenols and Nitrophenols (7 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Atmospheric sampling (gas and particles) of 5 phenols (phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, pentachlorophenol) and 15 nitrophenols (3-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 5-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 2-methyl-3nitrophenol, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, 2,6-dinitrophenol, bromoxynil, 2,5-dinitrophenol, 2,6-dinitro-p-cresol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, ioxynil, DNOC, 3,4-dinitrophenol, dinoseb) on XAD-2 resin (20 gr) and glass fibre filters, respectively, were performed in 2002 by using 'Digitel DA80' high volume samplers. These measurements were undertaken in order to show spatial and geographical variations of concentrations and the role of traffic in the emissions of these compounds to the atmosphere. Methods Sampling were performed in Strasbourg (eastern France), in its vicinity (Schiltigheim) and in Erstein. Sites were chosen to be representative of urban (Strasbourg), suburban (Schiltigheim) and rural (Erstein) conditions. Field campaigns were undertaken simultaneously in urban and suburban sites during all the seasons during 4 hours at a flow rate of 60 m3.h-1, which gives a total of 240 m3 of air per sample. Period of sampling varied between 06h00 to 10h00, 11h00 to 15h00 and 18h00 to 22h00 in order to evaluate a variation of concentration during automobile traffic between urban, suburban and rural areas. Gas and particle samples were separately Soxhlet extracted for 12 h with a mixture of CH2Cl2 / n-hexane (50:50 v/v), concentrated to about 1 mL with a rotary evaporated and finally dried under nitrogen. Dry extracts were dissolved in 1 mL of CH3CN. Before analysis, extracts were sylilated by using MTBSTFA. Analysis was performed by GC/MSD in the SIM mode. Results and Discussion Partitioning of phenolic compounds between gas and particle phases seems to be mainly correlated with vapour pressure. Among phenolic compounds analysed, phenol, p-cresol, pentachlorophenol and 2.4-dinitrophenol were detected in all samples and emissions from traffic seems to be the major source for the presence of these compounds to the atmosphere. No increase of concentrations in autumn tend to confirm this hypothesis since, with the use of domestic heating in colder months, increases of PAHs concentrations were observed and these compounds are known to be emitted by all combustion processes. Pentachlorophenol is a special case since this molecule is only used as wood preservative. Its presence in all atmospheric samples, whatever the locations and the period of time is the consequence of its persistence. Conclusions and Perspectives These measurements demonstrate that phenols and nitrophenols are emitted to the atmosphere and further measurements, in order to confirm their sources, their behaviour and their potential impact to the air quality and to human health should be undertaken especially since the literature collected is relatively old. Concentrations of pentachlorophenol measured are very low and, due to its toxicity, further investigations should be undertaken. - * The basis of this peer-reviewed paper is a presentation at the 9th FECS Conference on 'Chemistry and Environment', 29 August to 1 September 2004, Bordeaux, France.     

罐采样-加压进样-气相色谱法测定环境空气中非甲烷总烃研究

建立了罐采样-气相色谱法测定环境空气中非甲烷总烃的分析方法。用罐采集环境空气样品至微负压状态，经除烃空气加压后，用气相色谱仪进行分析。并对氮气空白、除烃空气、样品保存期限、不同压力进样、不同正压压力进样、不同湿度、不同种类物质对总烃的贡献等进行了研究，在最佳实验条件下，非甲烷总烃的方法检出限为0.04μmol/mol,标准曲线相关系数均大于0.999 5,低、中、高浓度水平测定结果相对标准偏差均小于2.0%,低、中、高浓度的质控样品相对误差均小于2.0%。利用该方法对环境空气样品进行了检测分析，该法完全满足国家标准质控的要求，适用于环境空气和污染源无组织废气中非甲烷总烃的准确测定。     

以江苏省河流湖泊为例探讨基于物种与面积关系确定大型底栖动物最适及高效采样量

以江苏省河流湖泊为研究对象,选取不同水体代表性点位,运用多生境采样法和形态学鉴定获取淡水大型底栖无脊椎动物的物种数及对应的采样面积,拟合实际结果的物种数与面积关系对数函数曲线。所研究采样量包括采样面积值、样方及样带数。研究发现,不同水体点位最适采样量面积为1.45~12.75 m²,样方及样带总数为6~16个,其要求十分耗时耗力。为解决这一问题,以物种数与面积关系对数函数的一阶导数曲线y≈1值为临界点,提出"高效采样量"概念,并提出3条采样原则供讨论。同时得到江苏地区高效采样量:涉水可过河流采样面积为1.36 m²,涉水不可过河流采样面积为1.5 m²,不可涉水河流和浅水湖泊采样面积为1.75 m²,均需采集4个样方,1个样带。     

长江口-杭州湾生态环境监测点位优化布设及水质分析

河口海湾位于陆海交错带,受径潮流作用的双重影响,具有物质输运格局复杂、生态环境变化梯度大等特点。生态环境监测点位布设与优化是科学、客观评估河口海湾生态环境状况的前提。采用空间平衡抽样法开展监测点位增设和优化方案研究,将2020年5月上海市海洋环境趋势性监测布设的142个监测点位,增设至200个,并进一步优化至170个,对优化前后的点位数据进行显著性检验、方差分析和空间自相关分析。结果显示:2组数据之间无显著性差异,并且优化后点位的方差和空间自相关值更小,说明空间平衡抽样法适用于河口海湾生态环境监测点位布设和优化,点位布设和优化结果可客观反映河口海湾的生态环境状况。随后,采用泰森多边形法确定了优化所得的170个离散点位的海域代表面积,克服现有空间插值法的缺陷,为河口海湾生态环境总体状况评价提供技术参考。     

An improved grey wolf optimizer algorithm for identification and location of gas emission

Identification of the leakage of hazardous gases plays an important role in the environment protection, human health and safety of industry production. However, lots of current optimization algorithms, such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), suffer from poor global optimization capability and estimation accuracy. In this work, a hybrid differential evolutionary and GWO (DE-GWO) algorithm is proposed. Tested by simulation cases and Prairie Grass emission experimental data, DE-GWO shows higher estimation accuracy than GWO. Compared with the other four optimization algorithms, DE-GWO exhibits finer robust stability under different population sizes, fewer iterations, as well as higher estimation accuracy with fewer search agents. Importantly, simulation results demonstrate that DE-GWO is more suitable to apply in the scene with a small number of sensors. Therefore, the proposed in this paper outperforms other optimization algorithms for the gas emission inverse problem. DE-GWO can provide reliable estimation towards gas emission identification and positioning, which shows huge potential as the data analysis module of real-time monitoring and early warning system.