The Economic Value of Open Space: A Review and Synthesis

/ Communities increasingly face development pressures that can irreversibly alter open space lands. While the monetary costs and benefits of development are typically known, the corresponding values of natural lands are complex and difficult to measure. This paper reviews different concepts of economic value in relation to open space, describes methods for quantifying these values, and presents examples of each from published literature. Open space benefits accruing to citizens as market values or consumers' surplus include market and enhancement values, production values, natural systems value, use and nonuse values, and various intangible values. Economic impacts that open space lands have on local communities and economies include fiscal impacts on municipal budgets, expenditures from open space-related activities, and impacts from employment and tax revenues. These values are not universally present within a given community, nor are they quantitatively additive. However, a comprehensive consideration of the multiple values of open space will better inform community decisions about land conservation and development. KEY WORDS: Conservation; Economic value; Land use; Open space; Zoning     

地铁深基坑变形规律及影响因素数值模拟研究

依托黄土地区某城市地铁车站深基坑工程为背景,建立有限元模型,对深基坑施工过程进行有限元分析,对不同工序下深基坑围护结构的变形规律进行研究;以土层粘聚力、钢支撑位置及桩入土深度为影响因素,分别进行模拟分析.研究表明:有限元模拟方法能有效反映基坑维护结构位移变形规律,黄土粘聚力、钢支撑施作位置及围护桩入土深度的变化对基坑围护结构及周围地表位移有一定影响,设计中的钢支撑位置是最优的设置位置.     

海州露天煤矿区土壤线虫的群落特征

2010年7月—8月间对海州露天煤矿区的采场、排土场、排矸场不同年龄梯田层以及矿区农田、村庄周围土壤线虫群落特征进行研究。研究结果表明：露天煤矿区土壤线虫群落中,植物寄生类群线虫数量占主导优势（77.8%）,其次是食细菌类群（16.64%）、食真菌类群（5.80%）,捕食/杂食类群数量最少（0.39%）,排土场（除覆盖表土层）、排矸场土壤线虫数量随着梯田年限增加而增高;捕食/杂食类在远郊山坡最高（每kg干土67条）,排土场与排矸场混排岩土中、农田、村庄周围土壤中没有发现敏感的捕食/杂食类线虫;线虫成熟指数在排土场稳定土壤环境中较高,在严重干扰地如农田、年轻梯田中很低。土壤线虫群落特征的研究为露天煤矿区土壤生态系统稳定性、土壤生物评价实践提供科学依据。     

长江Ⅰ级阶地某深基坑地下水控制分析

对于地处长江I级阶地的深基坑工程而言,由于其地层软弱、水文地质条件复杂、周边建筑密集等原因,地下水的有效控制成为基坑开挖成败的关键。本文以位于湖北荆州市繁华中心城区的地下商业城某深基坑工程为例,通过理论分析和经验判断,提出采用竖向隔水帷幕+深井降水的综合方案来控制深基坑地下水问题,即在弱透水层的潜水和承压水采用在支护桩之间施打高压旋喷桩形成竖向隔水帷幕,在强透水层的承压水采用井管降水的方法来控制基坑地下水,但降水井的深度要适当。经过工程实践验证表明,弱透水层的潜水、承压水的处置措施得当,可为富水复杂环境地质条件下的深基坑工程的设计与施工提供借鉴。     

Ethylenediurea (EDU) pretreatment alleviated the adverse effects of elevated O3 on Populus alba “Berolinensis” in an urban area

Ethylenediurea(EDU)has been used as a chemical protectant against ozone(03).However,its protective effect and physiological mechanisms are still uncertain.The present study aimed to investigate the changes of foliar visible injury,physiological characteristics and emission rates of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in one-year-old Populus alba"Berolinensis"saplings pretreated with EDU and exposed to elevated O_3(EO,120μg/m~3).The results showed that foliar visible injury symptoms under EO were significantly alleviated in plants with EDU application(p0.05).Under EO,net photosynthetic rate,the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII and the photochemical efficiency of PSII of plants pretreated with 300 and600 mg/L EDU were similar to unexposed controls and significantly higher compared to EOstressed plants without EDU pretreatment,respectively.Malondialdehyde content was highest in EO without EDU and decreased significantly by 14.9%and 21.3%with 300 and600 mg/L EDU pretreatment,respectively.EDU pretreatment alone increased superoxide dismutase activity by 10-fold in unexposed plants with further increases of 88.4%and 37.5%in EO plants pretreated with 300 and 600 mg/L EDU pretreatment,respectively(p0.05).Abscisic acid content declined under EO relative to unexposed controls with the effect partially reversed by EDU pretreatments.Similarly,VOCs emission rate declined under EO relative to unexposed plants with a recovery of emission rate observed with 300 and 600 mg/L EDU pretreatment.These findings provided significant evidence that EDU exerted a beneficial effect and protection on the tested plants against 03 stress.     

深基坑多层承压含水层中混合井降水技术优化研究

对于多层承压含水层中的深基坑工程而言,水文地质条件复杂,基坑施工常因隔水层厚度不足或水力坡降过大导致坑底突涌,盲目地进行坑内降水又会造成基坑渗流场突变、基坑内外水位差过大等问题。因此,地下水的有效控制成为基坑开挖成败的关键。以某深基坑降水工程为实例,通过理论计算并结合数值模拟研究了不同承压非完整井的相关参数,包括滤管数量、位置和长度,揭示了相关参数对减压降水效果的影响,优化了隔、降组合降水措施。结果表明:采用混合井双滤管复合结构深井时降水成效显著,且第一、二承压含水层上、下分层滤管长度比接近1∶1时达到最优值,此时理论计算结果与数值模拟结果的相对误差最小,仅为6.81%,故对处于多层承压含水层等复杂水文地质条件下的深基坑工程可结合实际地层结构借鉴混合井分层滤管长度最优比值进行降水设计。     

一种有效降低加油站深基坑作业安全风险施工方法研究

分析了加油站防渗改造深基坑作业安全风险,介绍了加油站深基坑填充墙传统施工方法,提出一种加油站深基坑填充墙砌砖“两段”施工方法,可大幅减少高处作业,提高油罐吊装可操作性和安全度,减少人员违章,降低加油站深基坑施工安全作业风险,从而提升施工本质安全度。     

基于改进相互作用矩阵的基坑施工安全风险评价

为解决现有基坑施工风险评价方法过于单一、客观性不足的问题，从勘察设计与监测、支护结构、土方施工、排水与降水、周围环境5个方面选取19个基坑施工安全影响因素；利用引入C-OWA算子的相互作用矩阵对其进行交互耦合分析，考虑各因素的单独作用效果的同时，在削弱专家主观偏好和综合考虑各因素相关性的基础上，研究其协同作用效果；最后用实例验证方法的实用性，结果表明:该项目整体风险偏高，其中排水系统能力、地下水水位和地下管线埋布是影响该基坑施工安全的主要风险因素，需重点防控。     

地铁深基坑坍塌事故安全风险分析

为了降低和控制地铁深基坑施工风险,避免在施工过程中造成深基坑坍塌事故,以重庆市某地铁站深基坑开挖为例,进行了深基坑开挖风险评估。建立了深基坑坍塌事故导致人员伤亡的事故树模型,再通过事故树建立层次结构模型,将事故树的结构重要度转化为层次分析法中的判别因子,结合层次分析法的权重计算及排序,对深基坑坍塌事故的致灾因素进行了定性识别和定量分析。结果表明,施工地质条件复杂、设计方案不合理、勘察资料有误等事件为主要致灾因素。在地铁深基坑施工过程中应做好动态监测及日常管理工作,保证勘察设计的准确性与可行性。改进后的模型可为企业施工管理提供理论指导。     

淮南矿区高矿化度矿井水淡化工艺实例

为充分利用水资源,提高矿井水回用率,淮南矿区谢桥煤矿对高矿化度矿井水进行淡化处理。根据现场运行数据、现场试验,简述了高矿化度矿井水应用反渗透(RO)工艺过程和淡化技术要领。工程运行结果表明:反渗透工艺在煤矿高矿化度矿井水淡化处理中产生了良好的经济、社会和环境效益。