甲烷氧化菌在填埋场覆盖层中的工程应用(Ⅱ):基质选择性及长效性

针对已筛选获得的甲烷氧化混合菌,选取填埋场覆盖土(LCS)、矿化垃圾(AR)和塘渣(TZ)3种填埋场周边易得的材料为供试生存基质,从基质选择性及长效性角度进行了甲烷减排应用条件的探究及使用效能评估.结果表明,在TZ、LCS、AR、TZ-AR和LCS-AR这5种生存基质中,TZ-AR最适合甲烷氧化混合菌的生长,且TZ与AR的复配比例以5∶5为最佳.甲烷氧化混合菌在TZ-AR的粒径≤4 mm和含水率为20%时具有最高甲烷氧化能力.一次性接种甲烷氧化混合菌在静态体系中的最佳使用有效期为31 d.其在接种量为0.08、0.16、0.20 m L·g-1和0.25m L·g-1时甲烷氧化速率无明显差异,从工程应用角度而言,8%的接种量为最佳.     

NGO collaboration in community post‐disaster reconstruction: field research following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China

The number of communities affected by disasters has been rising. As a result, non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) that attend community post‐disaster reconstruction are often unable to deliver all requirements and have to develop cooperative approaches. However, this collaboration can cause problems because of the complex environments, the fight for limited resources and uncoordinated management, all of which result in poor service delivery to the communities, adding to their woes. From extensive field research and case studies conducted in the post‐Wenchuan earthquake‐stricken communities, this paper introduces an integrated collaboration framework for community post‐disaster reconstruction with the focus on three types of NGOs: international, government organised and civil. The proposed collaboration framework examines the three interrelated components of organisational structure, operational processes and reconstruction goals/implementation areas. Of great significance in better promoting collaborative participation between NGOs are the crucial concepts of participatory reconstruction, double‐layer collaborative networks, and circular review and revision.     

Effect of commercial pesticides on plant growth-promoting activities of Burkholderia sp. strain L2 isolated from rhizosphere of Lycopersicon esculentum cultivated in agricultural soil

The in vitro study was carried out to examine the toxicity of four commercially used pesticides (phorate, mancozeb, chlorpyrifos, and endosulfan) at the recommended dose (1X) and higher field doses (1.5X, 2X, 2.5X, and 3X) on plant growth-promoting activities of Burkholderia sp. strain L2, isolated from pesticide-treated rhizosphere of Lycopersicon esculentum. At the recommended dose, level of toxicity of all the pesticides to phosphate solubilization activity and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production was less detrimental as compared to exceeding doses. At maximum dose rate of each pesticide, the percentage decrease in phosphate solubilization and IAA production over control was found in order of chlorpyrifos < mancozeb < endosulfan < phorate. Present study proves that Burkholderia sp. strain L2 could be used as a potential microbial inoculant in the agricultural soil having persistent pesticide residues.     

湖南石门雄黄矿区矿样中的砷氧化细菌的分离及鉴定

绿色的生物学方法处理含砷废水,对于缓解工业发展所带来砷污染问题,提高居民健康生活质量具有重要意义。以湖南石门雄黄矿区的尾矿池积水（SY）、地下400 m处的矿坑水（NY）和尾矿池底泥表层（XY）3个样本为研究对象,利用细菌富集和多次传代的方法,从这3个环境样本中获得可氧化三价砷的3个菌群。在砷质量浓度为l~5 g·L-1的培养基中分别检测上述3个菌群的耐受能力,发现在砷质量浓度高达5 g·L-1的条件下,上述菌群均能在2~3 d内达到109 cells·mL-1。利用上述菌群处理l g·L-1亚砷酸钠溶液,SY、XY和NY菌群可分别在25、20和35 h内将三价砷完全氧化,并且使溶液中的总砷质量浓度降低66.7%。进一步对3个菌群进行多次平板分离,利用五价砷和硝酸银的颜色反应,获得11株可氧化三价砷的目的菌株。对这些菌株16S rDNA进行NCBI的BLASTN序列比对发现,菌株SMY24、SMY33、SMY22、SMY32、SMY21和SMY31均属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）,菌株SMY104属于不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）,菌株SMY17、SMY25、SMY9和SMY1在所有的已知序列中,最大的相似率只有91%,最小的相似率为76%,且都是未曾报道纯培养的细菌。对这些菌株三价砷氧化能力进行测定发现,其中菌株SMY104和SMY21在20 h内能将三价砷几乎完全氧化。通过对这些菌株三价砷氧化酶基因进行初步检测,发现了多个菌株具有三价砷氧化酶基因（AoxB）。     

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)复合对斑马鱼外周血红细胞DNA的损伤

为了评价全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)对水环境及鱼类的影响,以斑马鱼为模式生物,研究了PFOS和MWCNTs复合对斑马鱼外周血红细胞的DNA损伤。将成年斑马鱼暴露于PFOS(0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6 mg·L-1)、MWCNTs(50 mg·L-1)、PFOS+MWCNTs(0.2+50、0.4+50、0.8+50、1.6+50 mg·L-1)和对照溶液中30 d后,断尾取血进行微核试验和彗星试验。结果表明:PFOS和MWCNTs均可造成斑马鱼外周血红细胞的DNA损伤。1.6 mg·L-1PFOS处理组的微核率、Olive尾矩及尾长分别为(36.3±0.25)‰、(87.91±14.90)μm和(250.49±34.71)μm。PFOS与MWCNTs复合后,斑马鱼外周血红细胞的DNA损伤效应明显降低。复合处理组斑马鱼外周血红细胞的微核率、Olive尾矩及尾长均低于PFOS单独处理相。1.6 mg·L-1复合处理组的微核率、Olive尾矩及尾长比PFOS单独处理组分别降低了24.7%、68.9%、52.4%。因此,在实验浓度范围内,MWCNTs可以降低PFOS对斑马鱼外周血红细胞的DNA损伤。     

苯并芘对稀有鮈鲫的内分泌干扰效应研究

为评价典型有机污染物对长江三峡库区上游特有珍稀鱼类的环境风险,本实验以稀有鮈鲫为对象,研究了低剂量多环芳烃(PAHs)暴露而引起的内分泌干扰效应.将成年稀有鮈鲫暴露于不同浓度(0、0.1、0.3、1.0和3.0μg·L-1)的苯并芘(Ba P)中28 d,测定了体质系数、性激素含量、下丘脑-垂体-性腺(HPG)轴和肝脏中与繁殖相关基因的表达.结果显示:在雌鱼中,Ba P暴露后,睾酮(T)的含量显著升高,雌二醇(E2)的水平显著下降并改变了T/E2的比值;在雄鱼中,T和E2的含量都显著下降.雌雄鱼性激素的改变可能与类固醇合成相关基因(Cyp17、Cyp19a)表达量的改变有关.Ba P暴露显著抑制了雌雄鱼肝脏中卵黄蛋白原(VTG)基因的表达.以上检测到的激素或者基因表达的改变主要发生在高剂量(3.0μg·L-1)Ba P暴露下,而长江上游库区水体中多环芳烃含量较低(100 ng·L-1),因此推测,库区存在的多环芳烃不会对三峡库区上游水体中的鱼类产生内分泌干扰效应.     

PBDEs的来源特征、环境分布及污染控制

多溴联苯醚(Polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)生产应用、环境分布与生态风险之间的关系将如何影响我国的未来,具体涉及到工业、环境、健康、人类繁衍等的社会问题.由于PBDEs阻燃效率高,热稳定性好,价格便宜,作为添加剂被广泛应用在电子、电器、化工、交通、建材、纺织、石油等领域的阻燃产品中.PBDEs进入环境后迁移扩散并富集于沉积物和生物体内,进入人体后引起肝脏毒性、内分泌干扰、神经毒性和生育能力下降等而危害人类的健康.基于此,从生产应用、品种生产量、分子的物理化学特性以及毒性等的文献数据分析了PBDEs的来源特征与环境危害,分析这些性质对环境分布与污染控制的基础支持关系;从沉积物、水体、大气、水生生物、人体5个方面考察了PBDEs的环境本底浓度变化、分配关系、迁移规律、时间效应,分析了生产、应用与扩散的多因素影响关系,发现全球性PBDEs污染物蔓延的现象,沉积物是主要的归趋场所,室内空气中的浓度远高于室外,水中浓度较低,水生生物和人体均能富集PBDEs,通过饮食、母乳和呼吸摄入,可实现代际传播,污染的分布呈现介质与区域的不同特征;污染控制需要考虑点源技术与面源修复的联合,结合PBDEs的物理性质、分子结构及其化学特性,统计分析了微生物法、光化学降解法和零价铁还原法的原理及其有效性,根据PBDEs在产品中存在与分布的特点,提出收集-分离-富集-超临界催化还原和氧化毁毒的工艺,针对实际环境(以电子垃圾塑料和流域水体及沉积物为对象)中的PBDEs进行回收或处理,结合材料如催化剂的应用,从动力学和热力学方面提高PBDEs无害化的效率.最后,从生产管理、环境监测、风险评价、技术集成等方面提出了未来的努力方向.     

雄黄矿区不同砷污染土壤中微生物群落结构及碳源利用特征

土壤砷污染是我国乃至世界范围内比较严重的环境问题.有关砷污染的生态毒理效应有很多研究,但对砷污染土壤中微生物群落的关注相对较少.本文以我国湖南省石门县雄黄矿地区长期砷污染土壤为例,采用PLFA及BIOLOG微平板技术考察了7个砷(As)污染程度不同的样点以及一个对照样点土壤微生物群落结构及碳源利用特征.结果发现,雄黄矿区存在多种重金属复合污染,除As含量较高以外,镉(Cd)和镍(Ni)的含量也超过了国家土壤环境质量三级标准.雄黄矿区土壤微生物的群落结构受到土壤有机碳(SOC)、有效磷(AP)、p H以及镁(Mg)、Cd、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)含量的显著影响.各样点土壤微生物群落均以细菌为主,占微生物总量的71.54%~80.66%,真菌次之,放线菌最少.雄黄矿区土壤中的有效砷对微生物造成了较严重的胁迫.严重砷污染降低了微生物对于碳源利用的多样性以及均匀度.各样点微生物对于碳源的利用也表现出明显的差异.31种碳源中微生物利用较多的只有7类,分别属于糖类、胺类、羧酸类与多聚物,并且以糖类为主.     

我国生物质气化发电行业综合风险评价

针对我国生物质气化发电行业的现状,总结诸多风险的影响因素,建立了我国生物质气化发电行业综合风险评价体系。该评价体系主要包括5个一级风险影响因素:市场风险、技术风险、安全风险、管理风险、环境风险,每个一级影响因素包括4个二级风险影响因素。由层次分析法获得各个一级影响因素和二级影响因素的权重值,根据所构建的评价集和评分标准,结合模糊综合评价法对我国生物质气化发电行业现状的综合风险等级做定量定性分析。综合风险评价研究结果表明,生物质气化发电行业处于"较高"的风险等级,与实际情况相符。综合风险评价体系的构建合理,所建立的评价方法以及相应对策分析可为决策者提供参考依据。     

Impact of dissolved organic matter on the photolysis of the ionizable antibiotic norfloxacin

Norfloxacin (NOR), an ionizable antibiotic frequently used in the aquaculture industry, has aroused public concern due to its persistence, bacterial resistance, and environmental ubiquity. Therefore, we investigated the photolysis of different species of NOR and the impact of a ubiquitous component of natural water — dissolved organic matter (DOM), which has a special photochemical activity and normally acts as a sensitizer or inhibiter in the photolysis of diverse organics; furthermore, scavenging experiments combined with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) were performed to evaluate the transformation of NOR in water. The results demonstated that NOR underwent direct photolysis and self-sensitized photolysis via hydroxyl radical (·OH) and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) based on the scavenging experiments. In addition, DOM was found to influence the photolysis of different NOR species, and its impact was related to the concentration of DOM and type of NOR species. Photolysis of cationic NOR was photosensitized by DOM at low concentration, while zwitterionic and anionic NOR were photoinhibited by DOM, where quenching of UOH predominated according to EPR experiments, accompanied by possible participation of excited triplet-state NOR and ¹O₂. Photo-intermediate identification of different NOR species in solutions with/without DOM indicated that NOR underwent different photodegradation pathways including dechlorination, cleavage of the piperazine side chain and photooxidation, and DOM had little impact on the distribution but influenced the concentration evolution of photolysis intermediates. The results implied that for accurate ecological risk assessment of emerging ionizable pollutants, the impact of DOM on the environmental photochemical behavior of all dissociated species should not be ignored.