主要污染物排污权有偿使用定价研究——以温州为例

文章对重点污染行业和一般行业的定价方案、排污权时限、定价方式等进行系统研究。采用环境容量资源恢复成本定价法,以社会平均污染治理成本为基础,考虑排污权时限及贴现率方式,来估算排污权初始分配价格的参考值,同时调研重点污染和一般行业的二氧化硫、氮氧化物、COD和氨氮的消减成本,以重点污染和一般行业污染物消减成本为基础,再考虑温州的经济状况及环境质量状况确定估算排污权初始分配价格,详细评估温州排污权交易初始价格标准,并提出了温州市初始排污权有偿使用费、政府储备排污权有偿使用费征收标准。     

铅污染事故生态环境损失评估——以台州铅蓄电池企业为例

国内铅污染事故频繁发生,造成了严重的生态环境污染和人体健康损害。通过采用市场价值法、人力资本法和恢复费用法,对铅污染的生态环境损失进行了全面评估。以台州典型的铅蓄电池企业为例进行研究,铅污染总损失为121．83万元,其中土壤修复及监测费用占77.1％;人体健康损失占18．9％;农作物种植损失占4．0％。     

东北地区地下水资源可持续利用与发展战略决策研究

建立东北地区水资源优化配置模型,得出东北地区地下水可持续开发利用方案,提出适合东北地区地下水可持续发展的战略决策。     

中国排污权有偿使用定价及政策影响研究

排放配额的价格是排污权有偿使用政策的关键要素之一。本研究从分析排污权有偿使用政策的内涵出发,厘清有偿使用政策与已有排污收费政策的区别,排污收费是企业为污染物排放造成对环境损害而支付的补偿,而有偿使用费是企业为污染物排放占用环境容量资源支付的稀缺租金。本研究同时考虑了现行排污收费政策和总量控制政策的影响,基于最优化控制理论建立了COD和NH_3-N两种水污染物为独立变量的价格模型,并对有偿使用政策执行后可能带来的影响进行了模拟预测。     

环境税税制设计的探讨

结合国外经验与中国国情，论述了环境税的设计原则，。探讨了在我国环境税时，税制三大要素：税种，税基和税率的制定及实施方法。     

Traditional olive orchards on sloping land: Sustainability or abandonment?

Traditional olive orchards account for a large share of the area under olives in the EU, particularly in marginal areas, like those analysed in the OLIVERO project. In general, traditional olive growing can be described as a low-intensity production system, associated with old (sometimes very old) trees, grown at a low density, giving small yields and receiving low inputs of labour and materials. Though such systems are environmentally sustainable, their economic viability has become an issue, since EU policies favour more intensive and competitive systems. Orchards that have not been intensified seem to be threatened by the recent reform of the EU olive and olive oil policy, as income support has been decoupled from production. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the present constraints to traditional olive growing, and to recommend some private and public interventions to prevent its abandonment. During the OLIVERO project, traditional olive production systems were identified and described in five target areas (Trás-os-Montes-Portugal, Cordoba and Granada/Jaen-Spain, Basilicata/Salerno-Italy, and West Crete-Greece). The causes and consequences of abandonment are discussed, based on the analysis of the costs and returns, which revealed that these systems are barely economically sustainable. Their viability is only assured if reduced opportunity costs for family labour are accepted, and the olive growing is part-time. Based on these results, recommendations are made to prevent the abandonment of traditional olive growing and to preserve its environmental benefits.     

重点生态功能区转移支付制度的不足和完善

重点生态功能区关乎地区乃至国家的生态安全,属于限制开发区。该类功能区为提供生态产品投入大量的环境建设成本,又因限制开发导致发展权受限,需要对其进行生态补偿。作为当前生态补偿的主要方式,重点生态功能区转移支付制度在资金分配、资金使用、监督考核和激励机制方面存在不足,因此提出确定生态环境保护为转移支付的主要目标、健全资金用途监管和绩效评估制度、补充适用横向生态补偿制度等措施予以完善。     

Five challenges to reconcile agricultural land use and forest ecosystem services in Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia possesses the highest rates of tropical deforestation globally and exceptional levels of species richness and endemism. Many countries in the region are also recognized for their food insecurity and poverty, making the reconciliation of agricultural production and forest conservation a particular priority. This reconciliation requires recognition of the trade‐offs between competing land‐use values and the subsequent incorporation of this information into policy making. To date, such reconciliation has been relatively unsuccessful across much of Southeast Asia. We propose an ecosystem services (ES) value‐internalization framework that identifies the key challenges to such reconciliation. These challenges include lack of accessible ES valuation techniques; limited knowledge of the links between forests, food security, and human well‐being; weak demand and political will for the integration of ES in economic activities and environmental regulation; a disconnect between decision makers and ES valuation; and lack of transparent discussion platforms where stakeholders can work toward consensus on negotiated land‐use management decisions. Key research priorities to overcome these challenges are developing easy‐to‐use ES valuation techniques; quantifying links between forests and well‐being that go beyond economic values; understanding factors that prevent the incorporation of ES into markets, regulations, and environmental certification schemes; understanding how to integrate ES valuation into policy making processes, and determining how to reduce corruption and power plays in land‐use planning processes.     

企业与消费者型(B to C)网络支付模式及相关安全技术研究

随着电子商务的飞速发展,网络支付模式及安全问题已经成为制约其发展的瓶颈。根据企业与消费者型(Bto C)电子商务网络支付系统的一般模式,较为详细地研究了各种Bto C型电子商务网络支付模式的类型,依据Bto C型电子商务网络支付系统所受不同类型攻击,系统地分析了Bto C型电子商务网络支付所面临的安全问题,并对其相关安全技术的实现进行了较为系统的研究和分析,最后根据Bto C型网络安全支付协议发展过程和存在问题,分析了一个基于3D-Secure的Bto C型网络安全支付模式实现过程。     

Optimized production of a novel bioflocculant M-C11 by Klebsiella sp. and its application in sludge dewatering

The optimized production of a novel bioflocculant M-C11 produced by Klebsiella sp. and its application in sludge dewatering were investigated. The optimal medium carbon source,nitrogen source, metal ion, initial pH and culture temperature for the bioflocculant production were glucose, NaNO3, MgSO4, and pH 7.0 and 25°C, respectively. A compositional analysis indicated that the purified M-C11 consisted of 91.2% sugar, 4.6% protein and 3.9% nucleic acids（m/m）. A Fourier transform infrared spectrum confirmed the presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl,methoxyl and amino groups. The microbial flocculant exhibited excellent pH and thermal stability in a kaolin suspension over a pH range of 4.0 to 8.0 and a temperature range of 20 to 60°C.The optimum bioflocculating activity was observed as 92.37% for 2.56 mL M-C11 and 0.37 g/L CaCl2 dosages using response surface methodology. The sludge resistance in filtration（SRF）decreased from 11.6 × 1012 to 4.7 × 1012m/kg, which indicated that the sludge dewaterability was remarkably enhanced by the bioflocculant conditioning. The sludge dewatering performance conditioned by M-C11 was more efficient than that of inorganic flocculating reagents,such as aluminum sulfate and polymeric aluminum chloride. The bioflocculant has advantages over traditional sludge conditioners due to its lower cost, benign biodegradability and negligible secondary pollution. In addition, the bioflocculant was favorably adapted to the specific sludge pH and salinity.