Characterization of submicron particles during autumn in Beijing, China

In this study, we performed a highly time-resolved chemical characterization of nonrefractory submicron particles(NR-PM_1) in Beijing by using an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer(HR-ToF-AMS). The results showed the average NR-PM_1 mass concentration to be 56.4 ± 58.0 μg/m~3, with a peak at 307.4 μg/m~3. Due to the high frequency of biomass burning in autumn, submicron particles significantly increased in organic content, which accounted for 51% of NR-PM_1 on average. Secondary inorganic aerosols(sulfate + nitrate + ammonium) accounted for 46% of NR-PM_1, of which sulfate,nitrate, and ammonium contributed 15%, 20%, and 11%, respectively. To determine the intrinsic relationships between the organic and inorganic species, we used the positive matrix factorization(PMF) model to merge the high-resolution mass spectra of the organic species and NO+and NO_2~+ions. The PMF analysis separated the mixed organic and nitrate(NO+and NO_2~+) spectra into four organic factors, including hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol(HOA), oxygenated organic aerosol(OOA), cooking organic aerosol(COA), and biomass burning organic aerosol(BBOA), as well as one nitrate inorganic aerosol(NIA) factor. COA(33%) and OOA(30%) contributed the most to the total organic aerosol(OA) mass, followed by BBOA(20%) and HOA(17%). We successfully quantified the mass concentrations of the organic and inorganic nitrates by the NO+and NO2+ions signal in the organic and NIA factors. The organic nitrate mass varied from 0.01-6.8 μg/m~3, with an average of 1.0 ±1.1 μg/m~3, and organic nitrate components accounted for 10% of the total nitrate mass in this observation.     

竹炭对微污染水中有机污染物的吸附

测定了竹炭对微污染水源水中CODMn,UV254,UV410的去除效果,研究了竹炭粒径、竹炭用量、吸附时间、溶液pH值对竹炭吸附特性的影响,并由正交试验确定出竹炭去除水中CODMn,UV254,UV410的最佳吸附条件。研究表明,粒径越小,竹炭的吸附效果越好;竹炭用量为100mg、吸附时间为1h时,竹炭对各指标去除率最高;弱酸条件对竹炭对各指标的吸附最有利,当pH值=4时竹炭对各指标的去除率最大;正交试验确定出动态吸附最佳操作条件为：竹炭粒径为100～200目,质量为100mg,振荡吸附1h,原水pH值为4。     

化肥污染与防治

随着农业发展,化肥的用量越来越大,大量化肥进入环境中,必然对环境造成污染。本文着重探讨化肥对水、空气、土壤及人畜的污染及危害,提出防治化肥污染的措施。     

Evaluation of multiple reactions in dilute benzoyl peroxide concentrations with additives using calorimetric technology

Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is a typical organic peroxide widely used in food processing, particularly flour bleaching. Due to the unstable nature of the oxygen-oxygen bond in BPO, it readily reacts under even mid-low-temperature conditions. Lower concentrations of BPO are also potentially explosive, even when combined with acid or alkaline additives. Given the history of both potential and documented industrial accidents, this study investigates the thermal stability of various BPO concentrations when mixed with acid or alkaline solutions. In addition, differential and integral kinetic models were applied to verify that the apparent activation energy data from the differential scanning calorimetry experiments were valid. The results of autocatalysis reactions and nth-order reaction simulations presented characteristics consistent with the experimental findings. The findings in this paper can be used as a reference for BPO products that are mediated with either an acid or an alkaline solution during production, storage, transportation, or use.     

对挥发性有机废气治理技术的研究

针对挥发性有机废气治理技术,介绍了挥发性有机物及其危害,主要包括对挥发性有机物的介绍、VOCs对环境的危害,同时介绍了VOCs的来源,挥发性有机废气对环境和人类产生的严重危害,文章阐述了挥发性有机物的来源及危害,然后对有机废气的技术原理及应用进行了介绍,主要有回收法和分解法两种方法,其中有吸附法、吸收法、冷凝法、膜分离技术和燃烧法、生物法、电晕法、生化法的开发应用.     

山东省汽车喷涂行业VOCs排放特征研究

采用气袋采样-气相色谱/质谱法,采集并分析了山东省内小型通用车、货车、电动商务车以及半挂车4类典型汽车喷涂企业挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放特征。结果表明:山东省汽车喷涂企业中VOCs排放总量以及检出数量排序为:半挂车喷涂企业电动商务车喷涂企业货车喷涂企业小型通用车喷涂企业。各类汽车喷涂企业喷漆以及烘干车间排放的VOCs大多以苯类物质为主(小型通用车面漆烘干车间除外),在小型通用车以及半挂车涂装企业废气中烷烃类物质占比较大。不同企业以及各企业不同工序之间特征VOCs排放浓度有较大差别,喷漆车间特征VOCs浓度要远高于烘干车间。     

华北地区兼性塘中试研究

研究了华北地区一个串联塘系统中的一个兼性塘。该塘系统由两个厌氧塘,一个兼性塘和一个好氧塘蛆成,处理河北省沧州市的城市污水。该污水中工业污水的比例约为70%。对运行数据的分析表明,该兼性塘在去除BOD₅方面起到了应有的作用,并且有较强的分解难降解有机物的能力,但对氨氯及SS的去除贡献甚微。示踪试验的结果表明,该兼性塘的结构设计、进水配水及出水集水装置的布量合理,可以推荐使用。在运行和研究结果基础上,本文提出了几种方法和参数,作为有关兼性塘设计使用。      

土壤相对表观极性及其对有机污染物吸附的影响

以干土壤做气相色谱固定相,用测定气相色谱固定液相对极性的方法,测定了广州、四川云阳、太原、乌鲁木齐等地区的６种土壤相对表观极性（SRP）,及其基本性质。结果表明：ＳＲＰ（ｙ）与土壤有机质含量（x₁）、［O＋N］含量（x₂）呈正相关,与粘粒（＜0.01mm）含量（x₃）呈负相关,其关系式为y＝54.2705+17.7698x1+0.1834x₂-0.2014x₃,相关系数γ分别为0.9980、0.9463、-0.8792（n＝6,p<0.05）;随着SRP值的增加,萘和硝基苯的有机质吸附系数K_(om)下降。     

闽南地区酸性雾水特征初探

1993年3～4月,在闽南地区进行了一次综合性酸雨集中观测,探讨其雾水特征如下:闽南地区雾水已严重酸化,其最低pH值达到2.91,是该地区酸性湿沉降的重要组成部分;雾水中有机酸根的贡献占总阴离子量9%;雾水含较多四价硫,并与甲醛反应形成络合物;雾水受到周围海洋的影响,Cl-有严重的亏损      

珠江三角洲气溶胶中有机污染及控制对策

珠江三角洲5个主要城市和地区,气溶胶中类脂质产率为1.50~61.04μg/m3,广州市秋季气溶胶类脂质产率最高(平均36.85μg/m3),澳门次之,香港春季较广州春季类脂质产率稍低,而深圳夏季比广州夏季高,珠海冬季最低。区内气溶胶中检出80多种多环芳烃(PAH),优先控制PAH的浓度为1.32~228.56ng/m3,分布规律基本同类脂质产率,但是澳门和香港的优控PAH浓度较低,分别为9.02~40.52ng/m3和0.68~14.88ng/m3。与国外一些城市对比,区内有机污染比较严重,主要来自汽车尾气排放。控制有机污染的最重要的途径是给机动车安装催化净化装置和建立相应的法律。