碳纳米管-海藻酸钠复合吸附材料的制备及其对高浓度Cr（Ⅲ）的吸附

以碳纳米管（CNTs）和海藻酸钠（SA）为主要原料,制备了环境友好型的复合吸附材料——CNTs-SA。采用TEM和FTIR技术对吸附材料进行了表征,并采用静态法考察了溶液pH、吸附时间、原料固液比（m（CNTs）∶V（SA））等因素对CNTs-SA吸附Cr（Ⅲ）的影响。表征结果显示,CNTs-SA表面引入了更多的—COOH和—CO基团,导致其吸附Cr（Ⅲ）的效果较CNTs有了显著的提高。实验结果表明：在室温、初始Cr（Ⅲ）质量浓度4 000 mg/L、CNTs-SA加入量21 mg/mL、溶液pH 5、吸附时间3 h、m（CNTs）∶V（SA）=1.0 mg/mL的条件下,CNTs-SA对Cr（Ⅲ）的吸附量为120 mg/g,Cr（Ⅲ）去除率为61.5%;Freundlich等温吸附方程适合描述CNTs-SA对Cr（Ⅲ）的吸附行为。     

西苕溪流域沉积物及土壤对磷吸附/解吸特性研究

以赋石水库和其上游河道沉积物以及流域内代表性水稻土为对象,通过分析其理化性质,改变上覆水磷浓度和pH的方法探讨沉积物和土壤对磷吸附/解吸的影响。结果表明:(1)沉积物内较高的磷含量,导致吸附/解吸平衡浓度较高,因此在水库和水体中起着磷"源"的作用;(2)土壤最大磷吸附量为566.45mg/kg,远大于沉积物的吸附量,同时吸附/解吸平衡浓度较低,因此在治理湖泊富营养化时,要加大水土保持的力度,尽量减少作为最主要污染源的农田土壤磷素流入水体;(3)无论上覆水中磷浓度升高还是降低,在未达到吸附/解吸平衡浓度前,土壤和沉积物会持续释放磷,故应把水体治理的重点放在降低土壤和沉积物的磷含量上;(4)上覆水的pH对样品的磷吸附和释放都有显著的影响。在酸性(pH3)或碱性(pH9)环境下,样品的磷吸附量均急剧下降,而水体酸化更易导致平衡后上覆水磷浓度的降低。     

Particulates and Metallic Elements Monitoring at Two Sampling Sites (Harbor,Airport) in Taiwan

This study characterized the dry deposition flux and dry deposition velocity (Vd) of metallic elements attached on particulate matter. Specifically, large particles (>10 μm), coarse particles (10 μm～2.5 μm), and fine particles (<2.5 μm) were studied at the Gong Ming Junior High School (Taichung Airport) and Taichung Harbor sampling sites in central Taiwan. Ambient air samples were collected to determine total suspended particulate matter (TSP), dry deposition plate (DDP), Vd, coarse particulate matter (PM_2.5–10) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), and metallic elements concentrations at the Airport and Taichung Harbor sites between June 17, 2013, and November 14, 2013. The results revealed that the average TSP, DDP, Vd, PM_2.5–10, and PM_2.5 particulate at the Airport were 54.55 (μg/m³), 902.25 (μg/m²-min), 17.11 (m/sec), 0.003 (μg/m³), and 0.010 (μg/m³), respectively; while these values at Taichung Harbor were 63.66 (μg/m³), 539.69 (μg/m²-min), 9.94 (m/sec), 0.003 (μg/m³), and 0.014 (μg/m³), respectively. In addition, the results showed that the average Cu and Pb concentrations were higher than Cr, Ni, and Cd for both the airport and harbor sampling sites. Furthermore, Cr, N, Cu, Cd, and Pb had the highest average concentrations versus those reported for other study areas, with one exception: The results obtained in Kacanik, Kosovo, during 2005. The average metallic elements concentrations order was Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cd.     

铬污染土壤对水泥熟料强度和铬浸出浓度的影响简

为探索水泥窑协同处置铬污染土壤（CCS）的可行性,用CCS部分替代硅质原料配制生料,于1 400℃煅烧成熟料,通过化学分析、强度测试、浸提实验及XRD/SEM分析,研究了CCS对生料易烧性、熟料强度及六价铬/总铬（Cr（VI）/∑Cr）浸出浓度的影响。结果表明,CCS能改善熟料烧成,掺量从0到15%,熟料中f-CaO含量略有下降,硬化试体的3 d、28 d、90 d强度略有提高。Cr（VI）/∑Cr浸出浓度随CCS掺量增加而增大,但随养护龄期延长而减小;当CCS掺量小于8%时,熟料3 d至90 d水化物的浸出液中,Cr（VI）浓度均低于0.05 mg/L,符合Ⅱ类地表水环境质量标准限值。铬离子浸出毒性减小是由于铬在熟料矿物和水化产物中的固溶以及水化产物对它的包裹封固作用。研究表明,水泥窑协同处置CCS是一种可行的无害化处理和资源化利用途径。     

Why are Prices in Wild Catch and Aquaculture Industries so Different?

Through a comparative analysis of prices in capture fisheries and aquaculture sectors, the objectives of this paper are a) to investigate three the trends in prices of forage catches to feed the aquaculture species, b) to analyze the amount of fish species need to feed aquaculture species in order to assess the level of efficiency in resource use, and c) to examine the degree of economic concentration either in wild-catch industry and aquaculture sectors. The results show that prices of cultivated species are higher than prices of the same species when harvested from the sea. We explain this fact by the interplay of three forces. First, the amount of wild fish to feed aquaculture species continues to improve over time. Second, the pressure of fishing activities has not been reduced since catches of most forage fishes are declining, which induce higher prices of capture species that feed aquaculture production. Third, the level of seafood market concentration is significantly higher in aquaculture than in wild catches, which generates higher prices in aquaculture.     

Growth and photosynthetic responses to copper in wild grapevine

The present study evaluates the tolerance and accumulation potential of Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris under moderate and high external Cu levels. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effects of a range of external Cu concentrations (0–23 mmol L⁻¹) on growth and photosynthetic performance by measuring gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic pigments. We also measured the total copper, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and sodium concentrations in the plant tissues. All the experimental plants survived even with external Cu concentrations as high as 23 mmol L⁻¹ (1500 mg Cu L⁻¹), although the excess of metal resulted in a biomass reduction of 35%. The effects of Cu on growth were linked to a reduction in net photosynthesis, which may be related to the effect of the high concentration of the metal on photosynthetic electron transport. V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris survived with leaf Cu concentrations as high as 80 mg kg⁻¹ DW and growth parameters were unaffected by leaf tissue concentrations of 35 mg Cu kg⁻¹ DW. The results of our study indicate that plants of V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris from the studied population are more tolerant to Cu than the commercial varieties of grapevine that have been studied in the literature, and could constitute a basis for the genetic improvement of Cu tolerance in grapevine.     

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products found in the Great Lakes above concentrations of environmental concern

The monitoring of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has focused on the distribution in rivers and small lakes, but data regarding their occurrence and effects in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, are sparse. Wastewater treatment processes have not been optimized to remove influent PPCPs and are a major source of PPCPs in the environment. Furthermore, PPCPs are not currently regulated in wastewater effluent. In this experiment we evaluated the concentration, and corresponding risk, of PPCPs from a wastewater effluent source at varying distances in Lake Michigan. Fifty-four PPCPs and hormones were assessed on six different dates over a two-year period from surface water and sediment samples up to 3.2 km from a wastewater treatment plant and at two sites within a harbor. Thirty-two PPCPs were detected in Lake Michigan and 30 were detected in the sediment, with numerous PPCPs being detected up to 3.2 km away from the shoreline. The most frequently detected PPCPs in Lake Michigan were metformin, caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan. To determine the ecological risk, the maximum measured environmental concentrations were compared to the predicted no-effect concentration and 14 PPCPs were found to be of medium or high ecological risk. The environmental risk of PPCPs in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, has been questioned due to high dilution; however, the concentrations found in this study, and their corresponding risk quotient, indicate a significant threat by PPCPs to the health of the Great Lakes, particularly near shore organisms.     

Photolysis Behavior of Herbicide Propisochlor in Water Media and Preliminary Analysis of Photoproducts Under Different Light Sources

Photolysis behavior of a new herbicide propisochlor in water media as well as the effects of light sources, initial concentration of propisochlor, pH value, dissolved oxygen (DO) level, and salinity on the photolysis process was investigated. It was found that the relationship between initial concentration of propisochlor and its photodegradation rate was negatively correlated. The changes in acidity and alkalinity of the reaction medium influenced the photoreaction rate evidently. In the alkaline solution the degradation was accelerated. In the reaction media with different pH values, the photolysis followed the first-order kinetics. The presence of dissolved oxygen may promote the photolysis and there existed an optimum of dissolved oxygen concentrations. Increasing the DO level can weaken the promotion and even have an adverse effect. It was demonstrated that with dissolved oxygen the photodegradation of propisochlor followed the first-order kinetics equation. The addition of salt ions Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ changed the ionic strength and solvent polarity, resulting in the effect on propisochlor photolysis. The photoproducts were detected by both HPLC and GC-MS methods. It was found that photolysis products varied under different light sources. Conclusions may be reached that in the photodegradation of propisochlor, the benzene ring remained intact under irradiation of both solar light and high-pressure mercury lamp, and the amido link was relatively stable, while dechlorination was liable to take place; moreover, α-hydrogen at the substituent of benzene ring was active.     

可变电荷土壤和恒电荷土壤Cl-吸附特性的研究

对不同浓度KCl和不同pH下,3种可变电荷土壤和4种恒电荷土壤Cl-吸附量进行了测定。结果表明,土壤Cl-吸附量随平衡Cl-浓度C（e）增加而增大,恒电荷土壤呈线性,可变电荷土壤在添加Cl-0.5~5.0mmol/L下,符合Langmuir吸附等温式。同一浓度下的Cl-吸附量及其随浓度增加的速率均为砖红壤>红壤>赤红壤>黄棕壤>棕壤、暗棕壤和黑土,与这些土壤所带正电荷量顺序相一致。Langmuir方程K值较小且几种土壤差异不大。恒电荷土壤对Cl-的吸附量很小,在浓度较低时常出现负吸附,其吸附机理可能更多的是与K+吸附时的同时吸附。7种土壤Cl-吸附量均随pH增加而降低,但降低强度可变电荷土壤远大于恒电荷土壤。     

Evaluation of the Impact of Long-range Transport and Aerosol Concentration Temporal Variations at the Eastern Coast of the Baltic Sea

Ambient particles vary greatly in their ability to affect visibility, climate and human health. The fine fraction of aerosol is responsible for greater and wider effects on human health; thus, investigation of this fraction is very important. Continuous measurements of PM2.5 (particulate matter below 2.5 μm in size) concentrations at the Preila monitoring station started in 2003. During a period of 2 years, the episodes of high daily and semi-hourly concentrations of PM2.5 were measured. These episodes did not depend on the season or time of day. The substantial role of long-range transport of pollutants to these increases in concentration was shown using chemical and statistical analysis. It was found that most of the severe episodes occurred when air masses came from a specific site besides it was established that air masses of different origin were characterized by different mixing layer depth. Lower mixing depth was observed in air masses characterized by higher observed concentrations at the measuring site and vice versa. PM2.5 concentrations showed diurnal and seasonal variations whose pattern reflected the regional origin of the aerosol. The regional pollution level was evaluated by the statistical analysis of PM2.5 concentrations. The background annual average of PM2.5 mass concentration for the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea was 15.1 ± 0.8 μg m⁻³.