Towards real-time detection of wastewater in surface waters using fluorescence spectroscopy

The presence of municipal wastewater at the intake of a major drinking water treatment facility located on Lake Ontario was examined using fluorescence data collected during a period of continuous monitoring. In addition, controlled mixing of lake water and wastewater sampled from a local treatment facility were conducted using a bench-scale fluorescence system to quantify observed changes in natural organic matter. Multivariate linear regression was applied to components derived from parallel factors analysis. The resulting mean absolute error for predicted wastewater level was 0.22% (V/V, wastewater/lake water), indicating that wastewater detection at below 1.0% (V/V) was possible. Analyses of sucralose, a wastewater indicator, were conducted for treated wastewater as well as surface water collected at two intake locations on Lake Ontario. Results suggested minimal wastewater contribution at the drinking water intake. A wastewater detection model using a moving baseline was developed and applied to continuous fluorescence data collected at one of the drinking water intakes, which agreed well with sucralose results. Furthermore, the simulated addition of 1.0% (V/V) of wastewater/wastewater was detectable in 89% of samples analyzed, demonstrating the utility of fluorescence-based wastewater monitoring.     

放射性平行样品结果处理的探讨

介绍放射性平行样品服从的统计分布,据此提出平行样品结果统计检验方法,用该方法对1组平行样品结果做统计检验,并与计算标准偏差的检验方法作比对。结果表明,虽然2种检验方法得出了相反的结论,但统计检验方法的结果更符合放射性测量的规律。     

A GIS Framework for Regional Modeling of Riverine Nitrogen Transport: Case Study,San Antonio and Guadalupe Basins

This article presents a framework for integrating a regional geographic information system (GIS)‐based nitrogen dataset (Texas Anthropogenic Nitrogen Dataset, TX‐ANB) and a GIS‐based river routing model (Routing Application for Parallel computation of Discharge) to simulate steady‐state riverine total nitrogen (TN) transport in river networks containing thousands of reaches. A two‐year case study was conducted in the San Antonio and Guadalupe basins during dry and wet years (2008 and 2009, respectively). This article investigates TN export in urbanized (San Antonio) vs. rural (Guadalupe) drainage basins and considers the effect of reservoirs on TN transport. Simulated TN export values are within 10 percent of measured export values for selected stations in 2008 and 2009. Results show that in both years the San Antonio basin contributed a larger quantity than the Guadalupe basin of delivered TN to the coastal ocean. The San Antonio basin is affected by urban activities including point sources, associated with the city of San Antonio, in addition to greater agricultural activities. The Guadalupe basin lacks major metropolitan areas and is dominated by rangeland, rather than fertilized agricultural fields. Both basins delivered more TN to coastal waters in 2009 than in 2008. Furthermore, TN removal in the San Antonio and Guadalupe basins is inversely related to stream orders: the higher the order the more TN delivery (or the less TN removal).     

Fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectra coupled with parallel factor and regional integration analysis to characterize organic matter humification

The present several humification indexes cannot provide the whole fluorescence information on organic matter composition and the evaluation results from them are inconsistent sometimes. In this study, fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectra coupled with parallel factor analysis and fluorescence regional integration analysis were utilized to investigate organic matter humification, and the projection pursuit cluster (PPC) model was applied to form a suitable index for overcoming the difficulties in multi-index evaluation. The result showed that the ratio between the volume of humic- and fulvic-like fluorescence region and the volume of protein-like fluorescence region not only revealed the heterogeneity of organic matter, but also provided more accurate information on organic matter humification. In addition, the results showed that the PPC model could be used to characterize integrally the humification, and the projected characteristic value calculated from the PPC model could be used as the integrated humification evaluation index.     

消除电力谐波污染 确保电网运行安全

笔者从维护绿色电力环境、确保电网运行安全的角度出发 ,简述了抑制和消除电网谐波污染意义 ,着重介绍了一种新颖的用于消除电网谐波污染的装置 (有源电力滤波器 )的滤波原理和研究。这种滤波器与传统的LC无源滤波器的区别在于它采用了积极主动的滤波方式 ,将检测到的电网谐波电流经DSP(高速数字处理器 )运算处理后生成谐波补偿电流指令信号 (六路PWM驱动信号 ) ,然后 ,用此信号去驱动由 6只MOSFET管组成的三相逆变电路 ,逆变电路产生谐波补偿电流去抵消电网谐波电流 (谐波补偿电流与谐波电流大小相等、方向相反 )。理论研究和实验结果表明 :在电力系统中使用该装置可动态抑制和消除谐波电流 ,为维护电网运行安全和绿色电力环境提供了必要的技术保障。     

Numerical investigation of surface conduit parallel gas pipeline explosive based on the TNT equivalent weight method

With the rapid development of petroleum industry, the transport pipelines of oil and gas are increasingly constructed to minimize land use conflicts. Therefore, the parallel pipelines are unavoidable in order to save land resource, reduce the pipeline construction and maintenance costs. The economy and security of pipeline laying and running is the primary problem considered in pipeline construction, which the parallel spacing plays a decisive role to. The leakage of natural gas is very serious and dangerous due to its flammable and combustible. The explosive of leak gas causes impact failure to parallel pipeline. Specific to the surface conduit parallel gas pipeline, numerical simulation of leak natural gas explosive was carried out based on TNT equivalent weight method. Explosive damage degree of pipeline decreased with the pipeline distance increasing. Consulting with the pipeline ovalization strain design criteria and the combustion effect, the safety parallel natural gas pipeline space maybe at least 4 m to ensure the surface conduit parallel pipeline safely and steadily operation.     

一种高安全、容错控制计算机的设计与实现

在许多工业领域中 ,其控制系统必须是高可靠、高可用和高安全的。根据IEC 6 15 0 8标准 ,1oo2D(oneoutoftwowithdiagnostics)结构满足这些要求。实现 1oo2D结构时 ,每个通道采用双CPU结构 ,通道间同步采用软硬件结合方式 ,硬件数据比较器具备强故障安全特性 ,通道间通信采用高速并行方式 ,自诊断包括内嵌诊断设备、自诊断程序和看门狗。研制了实验原型机 ,进行的功能测试和错误注入测试表明 :其控制功能正常 ,容错性能和安全性能满足工业控制要求     

泥石流对岩性的敏感性分析及其在危险性评价中的应用

泥石流对不同岩性的敏感程度存在很大的差异,而岩性在泥石流相关的科学研究中也难以量化使用。本研究选择三江并流区为研究区,采用工程地质岩组划分方法,将研究区的地质岩性分为14个工程地质岩组;进而引入岩性敏感度计算公式Fn = Nn / Sn,分析研究区泥石流灾害点分布与地质岩组的相关性,计算出泥石流对各地质岩组的敏感值。在ArcGIS 90平台的支持下,根据泥石流对岩性的敏感值,将研究区的地质岩性进行量化分级,划分为4个敏感性等级,并将本研究成果应用到三江并流区泥石流危险性评价的应用中。本文选择坡度、岩性、断裂、植被和人类工程活动等5个影响因子为泥石流危险性的评价指标,建立泥石流危险性评价模型,在GIS技术支持下,绘制研究区的泥石流危险性区划图。本研究结果与研究区已有的地质灾害点分布情况基本吻合,充分证明本研究方法是切实可行的,进而可为我国西南地区的地质灾害评价以及防灾减灾工作提供方法指导与参考     

A serendipitous, long-term infiltration experiment: Water and tritium circulation beneath the CAMBRIC trench at the Nevada Test Site

Underground nuclear weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site introduced numerous radionuclides that may be used subsequently to characterize subsurface hydrologic transport processes in arid climates. In 1965, a unique, 16-year pumping experiment designed to examine radionuclide migration away from the CAMBRIC nuclear test, conducted in the saturated zone beneath Frenchman Flat, Nevada, USA, gave rise to an unintended second experiment involving radionuclide infiltration through the vadose zone, as induced by seepage of pumping effluents beneath an unlined discharge trench. The combined experiments have been reanalyzed using a detailed, three-dimensional numerical model of transient, variably saturated flow and mass transport in a heterogeneous subsurface, tailored specifically for large-scale and efficient calculations. Simulations have been used to estimate tritium travel and residence times in various parts of the system for comparison with observations in wells. Model predictions of mass transport were able to clearly demonstrate radionuclide recycling behavior between the trench and pumping well previously suggested by isotopic age dating information; match travel time estimates for radionuclides moving between the trench, the water table, and monitoring and pumping wells; and provide more realistic ways in which to interpret the pumping well elution curves. Collectively, the results illustrate the utility of integrating detailed numerical modeling with diverse observational data in developing more accurate interpretations of contaminant migration processes.     

声发射并行检测技术在吸附塔检验中的应用

为了实现 10台吸附塔缺陷动态检测,提高检验的效率,采用声发射并行检测技术对两台吸附塔进行声发射同时检测.在吸附塔升压和保压过程中,对声发射信号进行监测.在排除各种噪声源的干扰后得出:10台吸附塔在一次加压检测过程均未检测到有活性的缺陷存在,说明吸附塔安全状况良好,可以安全使用,无须进行第二次加载检测.声发射并行检测技...