Individual sensitivity distribution evaluation from survival data using a mechanistic model: implications for ecotoxicological risk assessment

Two main alternatives are typically used to model mechanistically dose-survival relationship in ecotoxicity tests. Effects are related to a concentration of concern, for instance body concentration, and, to account for their differences relative to time-to-death, individuals have either different concentration thresholds for death (“individual tolerance approach”), or equal probability to die, with death occurring randomly (“stochastic death approach”). A general framework to unify both approaches has recently been proposed. We derived a model from this framework to analyse five datasets (daphnids exposed to selenium, guppies exposed to dieldrin and second, third and fourth instars chironomids exposed to copper), by extending the standard stochastic death approach. We showed the possibility to estimate properly the toxicity parameters together with inter-organisms differences of sensitivity for at least one of these parameters (here the threshold for effect). For the daphnids, there was no improvement of using the extended model, which confirms the expected low variability among genetically identical individuals. For all the other datasets, our model outperformed the standard approach without accounting for differences of sensitivity. We estimated coefficients of variations in the distribution of the logarithm of the threshold from 44% to 4% and showed, for chironomids, a decrease of inter-individual differences of sensitivity with the age of the larvae. All standard threshold estimates were close but above the medium value of the distribution in the new approach, which means that a concentration equal to the standard threshold would ultimately result in the death of more than half of the exposed organisms. A more relevant parameter, such as the concentration protecting 95% of the population, would be 2-4 times inferior to the standard threshold.     

膜生物反应器工艺参数控制研究

以外压管式膜生物反应器和中空纤维一体式膜生物反应器处理城市污水试验为基础,对膜生物反应器工艺参数控制进行了研究。试验首次建立了曝气池容积与膜面积比的计算关系式,即V/A=J·S_O/N·X。验证了膜通量与污泥浓度的对数呈线性关系,污泥浓度愈高,膜通量愈低。还讨论了HRT和SRT对膜生物反应器生物性能以及出水水质的影响。     

活性污泥法处理炼油废水主要指标的有效控制

本文重点阐述了活性污泥法处理炼油厂废水主要指标有效控制的重要意义。详细地分析了影响这些指标的各种因素,并采取了先进的有效措施使得本厂新建污水处理场正常运行。污水处理率较高。     

森林地表火行为估算的数学模型

本文在大量室内林火室验的基础上，通过参考ＢＥＨＡＶＥ程序中的数学模型，提出了一整套估算地表火火行为特征量的表达式。为保证求解火蔓延速度的更合理性和具有较高的精度，将风速和坡度对火蔓延速度的影响，采用了矢量叠加的方法进行修正。在假设火场为椭圆面来估算火场状况时，不但考虑了风速对火场形状的影响，还引入折合风达的概念，通过将坡度对火场的作用折合成相应的风速值来修正坡度的影响，与大兴安岭野外试验的结果对比表明，本数学模型定量合理。     

Research and application of drainage parameters for gas accumulation zone in overlying strata of goaf area

While coal seam is being mined, an annular fissure circle with gas accumulation will be formed in the fissure zone as a result of desorption, dissipation and permeation of gas in the goaf area and overlying strata due to fissures from rock caving and mitigation in the roof. The methods for computation of spatial locations of the fissure circle are researched in this paper. Based on these methods, gas drainage technique for the fissure zone is optimized. By applying drill hole returning water method of variables, the height of caving zone that most affects the drainage effects of inclined high dip drill hole was measured on the site. Due to the consistency of the expected height with the computed height of caving lines at different positions, the correctness of the theoretical computation method is further validated. Meanwhile, the parameters of the inclined high dip drill hole at #3311 working face of Hexi Coal Mine are determined by a case study.     

钢厂综合废水处理回用试验研究

以钢厂总排放口排放的废水为试验水样,通过实验室试验及现场动态小型试验,提出了处理钢厂综合废水用的混凝剂及其投加量、处理工艺及相应技术参数。     

真空不锈钢保温容器旋压成形工艺

真空不锈钢保温容器的内胆身及外壳采用旋压工艺成形,可节省原材料,减少加工工序及模具投资.本文对真空双层不锈钢保温容器的制作方案、内胆身及外壳的旋压毛坯形式、旋压成形工艺和旋压过程工艺参数的选择等方面进行了理论分析和实践研究,提出了避免保温容器产生旋压缺陷的措施及手段.     

一种新聚结除油材料对含油废水的预处理

聚结除油材料即通常所称“吸油毡”，是一种亲油疏水材料，常用的是丙纶毡。该文研究了破乳处理含油废水的一种新材料(尼龙毡)和预处理方法，探讨了聚结破乳的机理，测定了不同条件下对含油废水破乳除油的影响参数。实验结果表明，该材料和方法可作为处理含油废水的一种有效的初级处理方法。     

城市污水厂污泥间壁热干燥过程实验研究

分析污水厂污泥间壁热干燥过程的影响因素 ,并确定过程的关键设计参数。研究以间隔实验为基本手段 ,并进行了污泥间壁热干燥过程数学模型的推导。认为 :壁温和泥层厚度是过程的主要影响因素 ,由实验数据确定的过程比总传热系数 K是设计的关键参数 ,在适宜条件 :壁温 16 0℃ ,泥层厚度 1.0 cm时 ,其值为 6 5 .6 (k J/ m2·℃· h)     

废水处理工艺的优化

本文根据活性污泥（ＡＳ）工艺的特点，提出了用现场和试验室的监测控制方法较好地调整处理系统的性能，保证出水达标排放