五羰基铁对正辛硫醇中硫的脱除研究

由于能源化石类燃料中均包含不同含量的硫化物,随着人类对这些能源的不断利用,引发的环境污染等问题日趋严重。利用五羰基铁(Fe(CO)5)分解条件温和可控,产物无杂质,分解后的Fe0可以与硫原子原位键合等特点。文章尝试采用Fe(CO)5作为脱硫剂在温和条件下进行脱除正辛硫醇的研究。实验结果表明:随着压强(101~5 067 kPa)、Fe(CO)5加入量(50~250μL)、时间(1~6 h)和温度(0~180℃)的不同,Fe(CO)5脱硫效率具有明显差异,在此基础上得到最佳脱硫条件及最高脱除效率:常压、Fe(CO)5加入量200μL(1.4 mmol)、t=2h和T=140℃时,达到最高硫容3 450 mg/L。分别采用IR、XPS手段对脱硫反应机理进行了探索。IR结果表明:在1 084 cm-1处为硫氧峰,在797 cm-1归属为铁氧峰。XPS结果表明:167.8 eV处可能为S4+,711.6 eV处可能为Fe3+。因此,正辛硫醇脱除的可能机理为巯基断裂,并在空气中与氧结合,最终形成S4+,而Fe(CO)5的Fe经过脱硫之后,在空气中不稳定,最终被氧化成Fe3+。     

3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐硝化抑制作用初探

采用室内培养实验的方法,以不加抑制剂的尿素作为对照,对比研究DMPP及它的同分异构体3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐作为硝化抑制剂对尿素氮在土壤中转化的影响.结果表明,3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐具有一定的硝化抑制作用.在培养期间,施加3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐的土壤中硝态氮的含量一周后始终低于对照,铵态氮的含量一用后始终高于对照.但在培养试验中后期(三周以后),3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐的硝化抑制效果劣于DMPP.3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐能否作为新型硝化抑制剂,还要对它的生理、生态效应等进行进一步的研究.     

Sustainable development and the water–energy–food nexus: A perspective on livelihoods

The water–energy–food nexus is being promoted as a conceptual tool for achieving sustainable development. Frameworks for implementing nexus thinking, however, have failed to explicitly or adequately incorporate sustainable livelihoods perspectives. This is counterintuitive given that livelihoods are key to achieving sustainable development. In this paper we present a critical review of nexus approaches and identify potential linkages with sustainable livelihoods theory and practice, to deepen our understanding of the interrelated dynamics between human populations and the natural environment. Building upon this review, we explore the concept of ‘environmental livelihood security’ – which encompasses a balance between natural resource supply and human demand on the environment to promote sustainability – and develop an integrated nexus-livelihoods framework for examining the environmental livelihood security of a system. The outcome is an integrated framework with the capacity to measure and monitor environmental livelihood security of whole systems by accounting for the water, energy and food requisites for livelihoods at multiple spatial scales and institutional levels. We anticipate this holistic approach will not only provide a significant contribution to achieving national and regional sustainable development targets, but will also be effective for promoting equity amongst individuals and communities in local and global development agendas.     

珠三角一次重空气污染过程特征分析及数值模拟

以珠江三角州地区(珠三角)2009年11月23─29日一次重空气污染过程为例,利用常规观测资料及中尺度气象模式(MM5)、污染源排放模式(SMOKE)和空气质量模式(CMAQ)的模拟,研究此次重空气污染过程的特征. 结果表明,造成此次重污染的主要原因有:①前期高压脊带来的稳定层结和静小风条件使得大气污染物逐日累积,难以扩散;②西太平洋台风向南海附近发展移动时,其外围下沉气流导致珠三角大气污染物向低层输送并积累. 珠三角区域污染分布特征表明,广州和佛山的本地贡献明显,而肇庆等地受外地源输送的影响更为显著.      

烟花禁燃对南京市春节期间PM2.5及其组分的影响研究

对2014年、2015年两年春节期间南京市空气质量监测数据进行分析,探讨禁止燃放烟花爆竹规定实施前后空气质量变化情况.结果表明:烟花爆竹燃放使得空气质量达重污染,且空气中的PM2.5质量浓度迅速上升,出现局地短时间峰值,同时会使PM2.5中的水溶性离子组分含量也急剧升高,其中与烟花爆竹主要成分基本一致的SO2-4、Cl-、K+和Mg2+攀升迅速;禁止燃放烟花爆竹对空气质量改善有显著作用,2015年春节禁燃后,南京市空气质量均达标率同比上升4成以上,春节期间PM2.5平均质量浓度,同比改善56%;PM2.5中的水溶性离子组分也基本处于正常监测范围,较少出现波动.     

德兴铜矿不同年份废石产酸规律研究

矿山选矿废石、尾矿在长期堆积过程中氧化产生的酸性废水会对环境造成严重危害.实验选取德兴铜矿1、5、10和20年废石进行产酸规律研究,静态评价结果显示,4种废石均有产酸潜势,且除1年废石以外均已产酸.为期9个月的动态评价结果表明,4个年份的废石pH均与电导率呈显著负相关,检出离子主要为氟化物、Cu2+、Zn2+、SO2-4、Fe3+.1年废石在整个实验进行中并未产酸,5、10年废石产酸稳定,20年废石产酸缓慢,可推断废石的产酸过程为:不产酸-高速产酸-稳定产酸-产酸速率下降.     

Fetal phenotype of Prader–Willi syndrome due to maternal disomy for chromosome 15

Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) results from either paternal deletion of 15q11–q13, or maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 15 or imprinting center mutation. Prenatal diagnosis of PWS is currently indicated for chromosomal parental translocation involving chromosome 15 and for decreased fetal movements during the third trimester of gestation. Here we present the prenatal diagnosis of PWS during the first trimester of gestation and autopsy findings. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) was performed for advanced maternal age at 13 weeks' gestation. CVS showed mosaicism including cells with a normal karyotype and cells with trisomy 15. Amniocentesis showed cells with a normal karyotype. Molecular analysis demonstrated that the fetus had a typical PWS abnormal methylation profile and maternal disomy for chromosome 15. Fetal ultrasound examination showed slightly enlarged lateral ventricles and hypoplasic male external genitalia without intra-uterine growth retardation. The autopsy showed a eutrophic male fetus with facial dysmorphy, hypoplasic genitalia, abnormal position of both feet and posterior hypoplasia of the corpus callosum. This report points out that in a karyotypically normal fetus with ambiguous male external genitalia and cerebral anomalies, extensive cytogenetic and molecular biology studies are strongly recommended because of risk of PWS. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

邛海流域设施葡萄园土壤养分与地下水污染特征研究

为揭示邛海流域设施葡萄园土壤养分的累积状况与地下水的污染特征,选取邛海北岸典型设施葡萄种植区为研究区域,采集不同种植年限的设施葡萄园和普通农田表层土壤以及相应区域地下水进行分析,并采用相关性分析方法探讨葡萄园表层土壤中氮、磷浓度,土壤理化性质与种植年限之间的关系。结果表明：设施葡萄园表层土壤中速效氮浓度平均为0.702 g/kg,速效磷浓度平均为0.135 g/kg,分别是背景（未耕作）土壤的8.2倍和6.5倍;土壤中总氮和总磷浓度与种植年限呈显著正相关,氮、磷养分会随着种植年限的增加在土壤中累积,且由于种植过程中磷肥的长期大量施用,土壤中磷素累积显著;设施葡萄园土壤pH与其养分浓度呈显著负相关,土壤电导率与其养分浓度呈显著正相关,氮、磷肥料的大量施用会加重土壤的酸化和盐渍化程度;设施葡萄园土壤养分淋失主要以硝态氮为主,地下水中硝酸盐浓度随着种植年限的增加而升高,对邛海水质存在潜在污染风险。     

Phenomenological compensation of thermally caused position and orientation errors of rotary axes

Thermal errors of machine tools are one of the major sources of inaccuracy. Therefore, the reduction of temperature induced deviations or the compensation of the resulting tool center point (TCP) errors have been of strong interest to the manufacturing industry for a couple of years. Up to now, the observation of the environment, the main spindle, the linear axes and the machine bed were in the focus of research, but with the rising demand for 5-axis machine tools and the increasing requirements regarding their accuracy, the analysis of the thermal behavior of rotary axes becomes more and more important. This paper gives an overview of corresponding thermal measurements of machine tools. The thermal behavior of rotary and swiveling axes is analyzed in detail. A simulation model and an approach for a phenomenological compensation of the TCP error are introduced and verified by measurements.