EGSB-CANON工艺启动及动力学特性

采用EGSB（Expanded Granular Sludge Bed）反应器,在启动全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺中通过改变曝气方式以及优化曝气/非曝气逐步实现CANON工艺的稳定运行.通过研究不同曝气/非曝气条件下CANON工艺的脱氮性能的变化,探究系统内不同污泥粒径中功能菌的活性,揭示EGSB反应器不同的运行条件以及系统内不同粒径的微生物聚集体在CANON工艺启动过程中的影响机制与菌群结构特性.结果表明,当恒定曝气量为0.5L/min,曝气/非曝气为2：1（60min：30min）时,实现了AerAOB（Aerobic Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria）与AnAOB（Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidation Bacteria）协同脱氮的目的,并成功将NOB（Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria）的活性由3.41mgN/（h·gVSS）抑制到0.75mgN/（h·gVSS）.在对AnAOB的双底物（NO₂^--N和NH₄⁺-N）抑制动力学结果进行Haldane拟合时,得到NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N的半饱和常数（k_s）、抑制动力学常数（k_h）分别为106.8,331.9mg/L,272.4,66.61mg/L,相关性系数（R²）分别为0.98133和0.99142.在CANON污泥颗粒化形成过程中,污泥粒径在0.154~0.335mm范围内主要以AerAOB为主,污泥粒径在1mm以上主要以AnAOB为主.不同粒径下微生物聚集体的协同作用以及稳定的群落结构实现了CANON工艺的稳定运行.     

Behavioral evolution in the major worker subcaste of twig-nesting <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pheidole</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): does morphological specialization influence task plasticity?

Polymorphism frequently correlates with specialized labor in social insects, but extreme morphologies may compromise behavioral flexibility and thus limit caste evolution. The ant genus Pheidole has dimorphic worker subcastes in which major workers appear limited due to their morphology to performing defensive or trophic functions, thus providing an ideal model to investigate specialization and plasticity. We examined worker morphology, brood-care flexibility, and subcaste ratio in 17 species of tropical twig-nesting Pheidole by quantifying nursing by major workers in natural colonies and in subcolonies lacking minors, in which we also measured brood survival and growth. Across species, majors performed significantly less brood care than minors in intact colonies, but increased rates of brood care 20-fold in subcolonies lacking minors. Brood nursed by majors had lower survival than brood tended by minors, although rates of brood growth did not vary between subcastes. Significant interspecific variation in rates of brood care by major workers did not lead to significant differences in brood growth or survival. Additionally, we did not find a significant association between the degree of major worker morphometric specialization and rates of nursing, growth, or survival of brood among species. Therefore, major workers showed reduced efficacy of brood care, but the degree of morphological specialization among species did not directly compromise task plasticity. The compact nests and all-or-nothing consequences of predation or disturbance on colony fitness may have influenced the evolution of major worker brood-care competency in twig-nesting Pheidole. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Dedicated to Professor Edward O. Wilson on the occasion of his 80th birthday.     

城市蔓延、私人交通与雾霾污染

本文选取中国280个地级市2009—2018年的面板数据为研究样本,探究城市蔓延与雾霾污染之间的作用机制。以私人交通为门槛变量,考察城市蔓延对雾霾污染的门槛效应。研究结果表明：(1)城市蔓延对雾霾污染的影响呈现出先降后升的U形曲线特点;(2)私人交通对雾霾污染的影响表现为倒U形的曲线特征,即随着私人交通发展水平的提高,雾霾污染呈现先增后减的趋势;(3)城市蔓延对雾霾污染的影响存在双重门槛效应,当私人交通的门槛值小于第一个门槛值(e^11.6130=110 525辆)时,城市蔓延会加剧雾霾污染;当私人交通的门槛值介于第一个门槛值和第二个门槛值(e^12.2473=208 417辆)之间时,城市蔓延对雾霾污染的影响系数为正,但未通过显著性检验;当私人交通跨过第二个门槛值时,城市蔓延水平的提高有助于抑制雾霾污染。研究城市蔓延、私人交通与雾霾污染这三者之间的关系对于促进城市的健康可持续发展具有重要的意义。     

RVVB护套线过电流诱发短路故障发生概率与起火燃烧过程分析*

为深入研究电气火灾中护套线因过电流诱发短路故障的转化过程,搭建RVVB护套线过电流诱发短路故障电路,统计短路发生概率,借助高速影像,获取短路发生的时间和次数,分析护套线起火燃烧过程。结果表明:在过电流故障发生1 h内,I≤16 A时护套线仅线芯发热、绝缘炭化,无法诱发短路;I=24 A时护套线发生短路概率为40%,在973 s内发生初次短路;32 A≤I<48 A时护套线发生多次短路的概率随电流值增大而增大,在I=48 A时达到50%,发生初次短路的时间随电流值增大而减小,最短时间为28 s;短路引发绝缘层燃烧的概率随电流值增大呈指数递增,I=24 A时护套线在短路后发生燃烧的概率为62.5%,在48 A时达到100%,短路后1 618 ms内火焰可蔓延至护套线两端,形成全线燃烧现象。研究结果可对溯源电气火灾发生的根本原因提供数据支撑。     

我国区域空气污染治理效率及其影响机制——基于超效率SBM模型和门槛回归模型

随着人民对美好生活需求的日益增长,政府空气污染治理的效率问题日益得到重视。本文从地方政府空气污染治理效率及其影响因素的视角入手,以全国30个省份为研究对象,运用超效率SBM模型测算2003—2015年各省级区域的空气污染治理效率。在此基础上,运用门槛回归模型分析政府空气污染治理效率的影响机制。研究表明:①地区间空气污染治理效率差异性较为显著。中部、西部空气污染治理效率整体呈下降趋势。东部和东北地区空气污染治理效率则上升比较平稳。②政策规划、碳源、污染物排放和环境治理投入表现出双重门槛特征,其中碳源对空气污染治理效率影响显著,而以碳为首的能源消费结构则主要对中部和西部空气污染治理效率产生影响。落后地区政府应注重产业升级,财政上应对碳税等税目进行征收,产业上应鼓励企业创新,并对落后企业进行倒逼升级。     

两个CANON污水处理系统中氨氧化古菌的丰度和多样性研究

近期,氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)在各类环境中的发现,打破了人们原来认为氨氧化主要是由氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)完成的观点.但是在全程自养脱氮(completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite,CANON)污水处理系统中关于AOA的研究却鲜有提及.利用PCR、克隆、实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real time PCR,q PCR)等分子生物学技术,对1个小试(lab-scale,L)和1个中试(pilot-scale,P)CANON系统中的生物膜和活性污泥絮体两种形态的污泥进行AOA数量和种属特征的研究.结果表明:1系统L和P中,AOA的amo A基因数量平均值(以dry sludge计)分别为2.42×106copies·g-1和6.51×106copies·g-1;2 AOA的amo A基因丰度随污泥形态不同数量相差很大:L系统中,生物膜AOA amo A丰度约为活性污泥絮体的11.1~15.1倍;P系统中,污泥絮体AOA amo A数量是生物膜中的2.8倍;3多样性方面:P系统的AOA多样性较低,仅出现一个OTU,该OTU属于Nitrosopumilus subcluster 5.2类群;L系统AOA多样性较高,共有8个OTU出现,分别属于Nitrososphaera subcluster 9、subcluster 8.1、subcluster 4.1、subcluster 1.1和Nitrosopumilus subcluster 5.2这5个类群.总之,在同一个CANON系统中,污泥形态不同,AOA的丰度和群落结构相差较大;AOA可能发挥着氨氧化的作用.     

恶臭物质的嗅觉阈值与致臭机理研究概况与展望

嗅阈值是表征气味物质特性的重要指标,对认识异味污染的形成机理、恶臭评估及污染控制有重要意义.围绕嗅阈值的测定方法、嗅阈值与分子结构的关系及复合臭气评估模型,论述国内外相关研究的概况,在指出现有研究不足的同时,提出有待解决的关键问题及重点研究内容.     

新乡市地表水体HCHs和DDTs的分布特征及生态风险评价

为了解新乡市地表水中HCHs和DDTs的分布特征及生态风险,采集新乡市18个地表水样并测定其中HCHs和DDTs的含量,采用概率密度函数重叠面积法和安全阈值法评价了HCHs和DDTs的生态风险.结果表明,新乡市地表水中HCHs和DDTs的质量浓度范围分别为1.28~49.2 ng·L-1和0.42~12.3 ng·L-1,与世界各地的地表水中HCHs和DDTs残留质量浓度相比属于中等污染水平.异构体比值表明HCHs污染的主要来源是林丹的使用,而DDTs的残留来源于工业品DDTs的使用.生态风险评价基于DDD、γ-HCHs和p,p'-DDT的暴露浓度以及相应的毒性数据,概率密度函数重叠面积法和安全阈值法均表明了这3种有机氯农药中DDD的风险最大,其次是γ-HCHs,p,p'-DDT的生态风险最小;安全阈值法进一步表明DDD、γ-HCHs和p,p'-DDT超过影响10%水生生物的概率分别为10.2%、5.94%和0.01%.     

Elevated CO2 changes the moderate shade tolerance of yellow birch seedlings

To demonstrate the existence of light thresholds in plant growth and to examine the effects of elevated CO2 on the shade tolerance of a tree species, an experiment consisting of a completely randomized design for a total of 96 yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) seedlings was conducted with 3 light levels (2.9%, 7.7%, 26.1% of full sunlight)×2 CO2 levels (350 and 700±10 ppm) with 4 replications in a phytotron. The study proved that thresholds exist and they vary in different plant organs. In ambient CO2, the thresholds were 13.3%, 18.7%, 15.0%, 15.2%, and 15.6% of full sunlight for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. In 700 ppm CO2, the corresponding thresholds were 16.7%, 21.3%, 18.1%, 21.7% and 19.5% for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. The lowest threshold in the stem is an indicator of the minimal light intensity for regular growth for seedlings of this species. Below this threshold, light-stressful growth occurs. The result of a paired t-test indicated that the thresholds in elevated CO2 were significantly higher than in ambient CO2. This suggests that yellow birch will lose its moderate shade tolerance, evolutionally becoming a shade-intolerant species, and that it may become more difficult to naturally regenerate in the future.     

农业生产效率对农业用水量的影响

2016年中国农业用水量占用水总量的60%以上,水资源成为国家农业安全的重要保障,而影响农业用水量的因素较多。论文首先采用非期望产出的Super-SBM模型测度1998—2015年中国30个省份（西藏、香港、澳门、台湾缺少资料,未计算）的农业生产效率,再利用非参数核密度估计演示主要年份农业生产效率和农业用水量的动态变化,然后借鉴Hansen的门槛模型检验农业生产效率对农业用水量的“门槛效应”。结果表明：1）我国农业生产效率呈倒“U”型走势,省际间差异性减弱;农业用水量先下降后上升,省际间差距存在扩大的趋势。2）提高农业生产效率是降低农业用水量的有效途径,农业生产效率对农业用水量存在显著的“门槛抑制效应”,抑制强度呈“N”型走势。3）扩大粮食作物种植比例、增加农村劳动力和提高农村居民收入均能有效抑制农业用水量增加,而水资源禀赋、水利投资和耕地灌溉面积与农业用水量呈正相关性,农民受教育水平回归结果不显著。