城市污水厂活性污泥中胞外聚合物与工艺运行及污泥沉降性能的相关性分析

胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)的组分及含量是影响活性污泥性能的重要因素之一.本研究在测定不同城市污水处理厂活性污泥中EPS的基础上,分析水质情况与运行条件对EPS组分的影响.结果表明:蛋白质为EPS的主要组分,约占25%~63%;腐殖酸次之,占21%~50%;DNA和多糖的含量较少.同是A~2O工艺的2个污水厂的污泥沉降性能和粒径分布差异较大.根据Pearson分析结果,在污泥微膨胀和正常状态下,EPS总量与污泥体积指数(Sludge Volume Index,SVI)及粒径分布没有明显的相关性,但腐殖酸和DNA均与SVI呈正相关.处理工艺的水力停留时间与EPS总量负相关,但污水中有机物含量对EPS的含量及组分没有影响.EPS中多糖含量与脱氮除磷过程显著相关,多糖可以作为脱氮除磷过程的有机碳源.污泥龄影响EPS中蛋白质与多糖的比值.因此,污水水质、工艺类型及运行条件不同程度的影响EPS的组分及含量,进而影响处理效果.     

国内外核电厂放射性流出物排放对标分析研究

核电厂流出物的受控排放是确保环境安全的重要手段.为了全面掌握中国核电厂在运压水堆、重水堆核电机组的实际排放水平,以加拿大、法国等国外核电厂流出物排放情况为参照,对标分析中国核电厂的环境排放现状,为核电厂流出物排放安全监管提供技术支持.对标分析结果表明,中国重水堆核电机组放射性流出物的平均归一化排放量低于加拿大重水堆的排放水平.中国压水堆液态流出物中氚的归一化排放量略超过法国外,其余排放水平较为接近.     

铅锌尾矿污染区3种菊科植物体内重金属的亚细胞分布和化学形态特征

通过实地调查分析广西阳朔某铅锌尾矿污染农田自然生长的3种常见菊科植物野艾蒿、胜红蓟和野茼蒿体内的重金属含量,并采用差速离心与化学试剂提取法分析重金属在植物中的亚细胞分布及其存在的化学形态,探究菊科植物对重金属的积累、耐性特征和机制.结果表明,污染区土壤受Cd、Pb、Zn这3种重金属污染严重,其含量分别比国家土壤环境二级标准(GB 15618-1995)超标37.7、5.7和8.9倍,植物体内Cd、Pb和Zn含量都超过正常范围.野茼蒿和胜红蓟对Cd具有较强的迁移能力和富集能力,适用于Cd污染土壤的生态修复.此外,野茼蒿的茎和叶中Cd的含量分别为159.6 mg·kg~(-1)和219.5mg·kg~(-1),超过Cd超富集植物的临界标准,可见野茼蒿完全具有Cd超富集植物的基本特征,是Cd超富集植物.3种菊科植物地下部和地上部的Cd、Pb和Zn主要分布在液泡可溶组分和细胞壁中,而在细胞器中的分布较少.植株中大部分的重金属以迁移性较低的氯化钠提取态、醋酸提取态和盐酸提取态存在.因此,液泡区隔化、细胞壁固持和重金属以低活性的化学形态为主可能是3种菊科植物应对重金属胁迫的重要耐性机制.与野艾蒿相比,胜红蓟和野茼蒿茎叶中的Cd更多地贮存在液泡中,且地上部"活性态"Cd的积累比例低于根系,这些很可能是胜红蓟和野茼蒿忍耐和富集镉的重要途径.     

燃煤电厂脱硫设施GGH安装利弊分析

通过对比上海市燃煤电厂脱硫设施的实际运行情况,结合烟囱腐蚀、烟气温度、烟气抬升高度、能耗、水耗以及投资费用、运行费用等,从环保角度和脱硫设施长效运行角度分析,安装GGH利大于弊。     

陆生经济植物浮床去除富营养化水中氮素研究

通过玻璃缸静态培养试验,探讨陆生经济植物芹菜(Apium graveolens L).、茼蒿(Chrysanthemum coronarium L).和大蒜(Alliumsativum L).作为人工生物浮岛栽培植物,去除富营养化水体中氮的可行性和净化效果。采用常规耗竭法进行吸收动力学试验,研究植物根系对不同形态氮的吸收特性,为浮床植物遴选提供理论依据。结果表明:芹菜、茼蒿和大蒜在水中生长状况良好,试验前后生物量相对增长了121.24%~330.12%;三种经济植物浮床系统净化效果显著,对水中TN的去除率为44.94%~82.84%,高于空白对照系统(25.15%)。三种植物浮床系统对TN去除效果差异极显著(P0.05),根据这三种植物根系对不同形态氮在不同浓度水平下的吸收特性研究发现,其吸收规律均符合Michaelis-Menten动力学方程,但不同种类植物根系吸收特性存在差异,从而影响不同形态氮的去除效果。其中芹菜对NH4+-N的吸收潜力最大,对NO3--N的亲和力最大,大蒜对NO3--N的吸收潜力最大,对NH4+-N亲和力最大,茼蒿对两种形态氮的吸收能力较差。     

Trophic transfer of mercury and methylmercury in an aquatic ecosystem impacted by municipal sewage effluents in Beijing,China

Gaobeidian Lake, located in Beijing, China, serves as a recipient lake for efluents from a large municipal sewage treatment plant (MSTP). In order to evaluate the effects of discharging MSTP efluent on the mercury contamination of the local aquatic ecosystem, sediment cores, water, plankton, fish, and turtle samples were collected from Gaobeidian Lake for mercury speciation analysis. High concentrations of total mercury (T-Hg) were detected in sediment cores (5.24–17.0 μg/g dry weight (dw), average: 10.1 μg/g). The ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to T-Hg was less than 0.3% in sediments and ranged from 35% to 76% in biota samples. The highest level of T-Hg and MeHg were found in aquatic bryophyte and crucian carp (3673 and 437 ng/g dw, respectively). The relative contents of MeHg were significantly correlated with trophic levels (R2 = 0.5506, p 0.001), which confirmed that MeHg can be bio-transferred and biomagnified via food chain in this aquatic ecosystem.     

景观型人工湿地污水处理系统构建及植物脱氮效应研究

将15种景观植物,其中包括4种陆生木本植物引入人工湿地,用于构建景观型人工湿地污水处理系统.该实验系统由12个独立处理单元组成,其中包括由4个平行处理单元构成的一级处理系统及由8个处理单元构成的二级跌流系统.对植物在各处理单元中的氮积累特征及植物氮吸收对系统脱氮贡献率进行研究,结果表明,在进水TN浓度为37.5~55.6 mg/L时,植物吸收脱氮贡献率仅为1%~3%,其不能准确反映植物在系统中的重要作用.因此,本研究采用植物脱氮效应(有植物与无植物系统脱氮的差异)来衡量植物在处理系统中的综合作用,其包括植物吸收贡献及植物与根际微生物、填料基质的协同效应之和,分析表明,植物协同效应占系统脱氮效应的80%以上.     

废植物热解制气制油制炭的研究

主要考察了不同废植物的热解产气产油（液）产炭效果及不同过程条件的热解产气产油产炭效果。可用作热解制气制油制炭的废植物包括一切草木本植物,含有大量的木质素和纤维素,属于可再生能源。废植物热解制气制油制炭,可以使大量的被遗弃废植物得到充分利用,变废为宝,同时,可以帮助解决未来可能出现的能源危机,为废弃物的资源化、为未来的能源发展提供了新的方向。另外,由于废植物的广泛可取,废植物热解制气特别适用于在中小城市和农村推广应用,改善人们的生活条件和居住环境,进一步缩小城乡差距,为国家的经济发展做出贡献。     

Response of successive three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), fed on cotton bolls under elevated CO2

The growth, development and consumption of successive three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera （Htibner）, fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2 （double-ambient vs. ambient） in open-top chambers were examined. Significant decreases in protein, total amino acid, water and nitrogen content and increases in free fatty acid were observed in cotton bolls. Changes in quality of cotton bolls affected the growth, development and food utilization of H. armigera. Significantly longer larval development duration in three successive generations and lower pupal weight of the second and third generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower fecundity was also found in successive three generations of H. armigera fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The consumption per larva occurred significant increase in successive three generations and frass per larva were also significantly increased during the second and third generations under elevated CO2. Significantly lower relative growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food and significant higher relative consumption rate in successive three generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower potential female fecundity, larval numbers and population consumption were found in the second and third generations of cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The integrative effect of higher larval mortality rate and lower adult fecundity resulted in significant decreases in potential population consumption in the latter two generations. The results show that elevated CO2 adversely affects cotton bolls quality, which indicates the potential population dynamics and potential population consumption of cotton bollworm will alleviate the harm to the plants in the future rising CO2 atmosphere.     

基于CP对污水处理厂综合评价指标体系的研究

基于国内的清洁生产(CP)评价指标,以污水处理厂为研究对象,将生命周期评价(LCA)作为指导思想,从环境、经济、资源、人类健康、技术性能5个方面选取了全球变暖、固体废弃物、占地面积、运行稳定情况等22个指标,按3个层次构建了污水处理厂的综合评价指标体系。该指标体系的建立为污水处理厂的综合评价提供了决策依据。