Selective dissolution of critical metals from diesel and naptha spent hydrodesulphurization catalysts

The petroleum refining industry makes extensive use of catalysts, containing critical metals, such as, Mo, Co and Ni, for the desulphurization of various oil fractions. The selective recovery of these metals from two uncrushed and at low temperature calcined industrial hydrodesulphurization (Mo---Co/Al₂O₃ and Mo---Ni/Al₂O₃---SiO₂) catalysts was studied, applying a two-step alkali-acid procedure. Fundamental kinetic aspects of the process, such as, reaction time, leaching reagents concentration and reaction temperature, were studied. Recoveries up to 97% for Mo and up to 92% for Co or Ni in separate solutions were achieved, using low cost and easily available reagents, such as sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid.     

Degradation rates of aged petroleum hydrocarbons are likely to be mass transfer dependent in the field

Evidence for on site biodegradation may be difficult to provide at heterogeneous sites without additional experiments in controlled laboratory conditions. In this study, microbial activities measured as CO₂ and CH₄ production were compared in situ, in intact soil cores and in bottle microcosms containing sieved soils. In addition, biodegradation rates were determined by measuring the decrease in petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations at 7°C in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Elevated concentrations of CO₂ and CH₄ in the soil gas phase indicated that both the aerobic and anaerobic microbial activity potentials were high at the contaminated site. Aerobic and anaerobic microbial degradation rates in laboratory experiments of petroleum hydrocarbons were highest in soils from the most contaminated point and degradation in the aerobic and anaerobic microcosms was linear throughout the incubation, indicating mass-transfer-dependent degradation. Different results for microbial activity measurements were obtained in laboratory studies depending on pretreatment and size of the sample, even when the environmental conditions were mimicked. These differences may be related to differences in the gas exchange rates as well as in changes in the bioavailability of the contaminant in different analyses. When predicting by modeling the behavior of an aged contaminant it is relevant to adapt the models in use to correspond to conditions relevant at the contaminated sites. The variables used in the models should be based on data from the site and on experiments performed using the original aged contaminant without any additions.     

设计液化石油气贮配站不容忽视的几个问题

通过对数十个液化石油气新罐场的设计审核和在用罐场调研分析，深入比较常用几种贮罐液面计之优劣与使用特点，介绍了适用于小型贮配站改造用简易价廉的钢瓶倒残系统，提出采用地下掩埋式贮罐设计方案，争取实现贮罐使用安全性和投资回报的优化组合。     

吉林大安油田开发对周边农田土壤影响的研究

按照土壤环境质量标准及背景值对吉林大安油田周边农田土壤进行评价,油田区内土壤中Cu、Pb、As、Cd、Cr＋6等污染物均在二级标准限值内,土壤环境质量良好。油田区内土壤除石油类、硫化物、挥发酚外的其它污染物含量与背景土壤相比有一定差异,但差异不明显,高低相差1倍以内。各监测点各类土壤中石油类、硫化物均比背景土壤偏高,挥发酚差异不明显;钻井井场土壤石油类比背景土壤高76倍,采油井场高4倍,旱田和草地土壤石油类与背景土壤基本相当。     

石油石化企业发展循环经济的几点思考

通过对循环经济的概念、原则及循环经济发展等的分析,结合近年来中国石油开展循环经济相关工作的调研,提出了石油石化企业发展循环经济的几点思考。     

某海洋油田采油废水混凝实验研究

无机铝盐混凝剂处理采油废水的实验表明,PAC在最佳投药量即750mg／L时,COD、BODs、KS和总P的去除率分别为64％、52．8％、91．5％和78．3％。Al2（SO4）3和PAM的投药量为750mg／L和1mg／L时,COD、BOD5、SS和总P的去除率分别为61．5％、40．9％、91．4％和75．3％。出水BODs／COD由0．32提高至0．42,可生化性明显提高。     

石油烃类污染物在地下水中自然衰减特性

污染物在地下水中的自然衰减是目前解决地下水污染问题的一个重要的研究领域，是地下水污染生物修复的基础课题，本文以地下水中的常见污染物石油烃为对象，着重阐述该物在地下水中的自然衰减特性。根据所获取的国内外资料，介绍了其自然衰减的三种动力学方程：Monod动力学方程，一级衰减动力学方程和瞬时反应动力学方程，并且对于石油烃的自然衰减速率进行了详细的描述，为以后的研究提供参考。     

Petroleum mass removal from low permeability sediment using air sparging/soil vapor extraction: impact of continuous or pulsed operation

Air sparging and soil vapor extraction (AS/SVE) are innovative remediation techniques that utilize volatilization and microbial degradation to remediate petroleum spills from soils and groundwater. This in situ study investigated the use of AS/SVE to remediate a gasoline spill from a leaking underground storage tank (UST) in the low permeability, clayey soil of the Appalachian Piedmont. The objectives of this study were to evaluate AS/SVE in low permeability soils by quantifying petroleum mass removal rates, monitoring vadose zone contaminant levels, and comparing the mass extraction rates of continuous AS/SVE to 8 and 24 h pulsed operation. The objectives were met by collecting AS/SVE exhaust gas samples and vadose zone air from multi-depth soil vapor probes. Samples were analyzed for O₂, CO₂, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene), and total combustible hydrocarbon (TCH) concentrations using portable hand meters and gas chromatography. Continuous AS/SVE was effective in removing 608 kg of petroleum hydrocarbons from low permeability soil in 44 days (14.3 kg day⁻¹). Mass removal rates ranged from 2.6 times higher to 5.1 times lower than other AS/SVE studies performed in sandy sediments. BTEX levels in the vadose zone were reduced from about 5 ppm to 1 ppm. Ten pulsed AS/SVE tests removed 78 kg in 23 days and the mean mass removal rate (17.6 kg day⁻¹) was significantly higher than the last 15 days of continuous extraction. Pulsed operation may be preferable to continuous operation because of increased mass removal and decreased energy consumption.     

搅拌萃取-红外分光光度法测定污水中石油类

以四氯化碳为萃取溶剂,自动搅拌萃取污水样品中的总油,有机相经硅酸镁吸附脱除极性物质后,选择红外分光光度法测定其中的石油类,方法检出限为0.024 mg/L;对实际水样进行4个质量浓度水平的加标回收试验,回收率在88.0%~108%之间,6次测定的相对标准偏差为2.9%~6.1%,满足污水中石油类的测试要求。     

废水中石油类总量控制监测的采样技术

污染物总量控制监测的关键是废水采样的时间和空间代表性问题。采用废水连续自动等比例采样器实现时间代表性,用优化点位解决空间代表性,结果表明以石油类为主要污染物的采样断面应选择在水跃区。