我国的森林火灾状况和对策研究

讨论了我国森林火灾的状况, 并对森林火灾的时间变化、区域分布、气候因素、人为因素及地形因素影响等特点进行了论述, 在此基础上提出了相应的林火对策     

浅谈电气火灾的原因及防范措施

本文从短路、过负载和接地故障三个方面详细地分析了电气火灾的原因，并结合有关规范提出了相应的防范措施。     

Environmental impact of the Gulf War: An integrated preliminary assessment

This article provides an objective integrated environmental impact assessment of the Gulf War consequences. The environmental damage was evaluated and found to be significantly exaggerated by the media and speculators. The total amount of burned crude oil was calculated to be 52.5 million metric tons. Most air pollution field measurements were comparable to those found in Western cities. The health impact associated with such exposure was found to be minimal. The total amount of oil released into the marine environment ranged between 2 and 4 million barrels, much less than the early estimation of 12–14 million barrels. The marine environment is expected to recover much faster than earlier anticipations. Unlike water and air, soil pollution is likely to persist for some years to come.     

油罐扬沸火灾及其安全防治对策

本文应用模拟实验研究方法,考察了扬沸过程的基本物理性状及其特点,在研究了扬沸形成规律的基础上,提出了两个新的安全防治对策:利用扬沸前兆噪声诊断、预报扬沸发生及应用循环冷却原理阻止扬沸形成。     

厌氧处理制药产生的废渣和污水研究

在探索厌氧处理制药产生的废渣和污水研究中,以中国A制药厂的药渣和中国B制药厂的污水为原料,研究制药废渣和污水的厌氧产气能力.结果表明:药渣TS产气率为205.6 mL/g～223.59 mL/g,VS产气率为221.3 mL/g～239.5 mL/g,有机物降解率为40％左右,系统中不存在产气抑制物;制药污水的TS产气率为403.9 mL/g～409.2 mL/g,VS产气率为563.4 mL/g～ 578.6 mL/g,COD降解率85％以上.药渣沼气和污水沼气的CH4浓度分别为54.6％～60.7％和52.3％ ～56.8％.     

俄罗斯森林火灾对我国的启示

简要介绍了俄罗斯森林大火的人员和财产损失,分析了森林火灾肆虐产生的根源在于气候变化、民众缺乏防火意识、当地官员渎职缺位、救灾工作准备不足、救灾力量建设滞后以及＂人祸＂大于＂天灾＂,指出了俄罗斯森林火灾给我国的几点警示和几点启示。     

室内火灾升温速率的试验研究

在大量试验数据的基础上,通过分析室内火灾热烟气层温度的变化,研究了热烟气层的升温速率与内衬材料的热惯性、开口的通风因子、燃料面积及热烟气层温度本身等因素的关系,并对研究结果在实际消防工作中的应用进行了初步探讨。     

基于GIS的城市地震次生火灾仿真系统

地震次生火灾虽是1种相对罕见的城市灾害,然其巨大的破坏力却逐渐引起广大城市防灾工作者的注意。为了有效防止和抵御地震次生火灾,构建了基于GIS的城市地震次生火灾仿真系统,用于辅助防灾工作者预测和评价城市地震次生火灾的发生、蔓延、扑救和破坏过程。该仿真系统由4个部件构架而成,包括空间数据库、模型库、仿真中心和结果输出。空间数据库组织和收集城市中与地震次生火灾密切相关的空间和非空间数据,为仿真系统提供基础的数据源;模型库是整个仿真系统的核心,包括了地震次生火灾过程中3个关键阶段的模型,即震后起火模型、城市火灾蔓延模型和震后消防扑救模型;仿真中心是仿真系统的运行中心,实现数据和模型之间的集成,并提供完整的仿真方案进行模拟,并以表格、图件和报表的形式输出各种统计结果。这些统计结果可为防灾工作者的防灾决策提供科学的依据。     

分布式光纤测温技术在隧道火灾和渗漏探测中的应用

隧道火灾和渗漏一直是隧道安全和健康的重要问题。基于分布式光纤测温系统(DTS)具有能实现在线实时监测且实测温度随光纤沿程分布这一技术特点和优势,将单根分布式光纤应用于隧道火灾的预警预报、火灾定位、隧道渗漏定位,属国内首创。本文介绍了DTS测温原理和实测成果。实测情况表明,DTS系统测温精确,抗干扰性强,特别适合隧道火灾预警预报和渗漏探测,具有良好的应用前景。     

A derivation of the statistical characteristics of forest fires

The analysis of large data sets concerning fires in various forested areas of the world has pointed out that burned areas can often be described by different power-law distributions for small, medium and large fires and that a scaling law for the time intervals separating successive fires is fulfilled. The attempts of deriving such statistical laws from purely theoretical arguments have not been fully successful so far, most likely because important physical and/or biological factors controlling forest fires were not taken into account. By contrast, the two-layer spatially extended forest model we propose in this paper encapsulates the main characteristics of vegetational growth and fire ignition and propagation, and supports the empirically discovered statistical laws. Since the model is fully deterministic and spatially homogeneous, the emergence of the power and scaling laws does not seem to necessarily require meteorological randomness and geophysical heterogeneity, although these factors certainly amplify the chaoticity of the fires. Moreover, the analysis suggests that the existence of different power-laws for fires of various scale might be due to the two-layer structure of the forest which allows the formation of different kinds of fires, i.e. surface, crown, and mixed fires.