三种水生植物在不同季节去污能力的对比研究

在实验室人工模拟太湖地区春季和冬季不同气候条件下,对三种抗寒去污性能较强的水生植物伊乐藻、石菖蒲和水芹菜在不同营养状态下和不同季节温度条件下去除氮磷的效果进行了系统地对比研究。结果表明:这三种植物均能较好地吸收水中的营养物质,其中以水芹菜脱氮除磷效果最好;总体上植物在春季吸收氮的效果要好于冬季,但对磷的季节吸收差异没有氮明显。可利用沉水植物和挺水植物对氮磷去除的各自优势分别筛选吸收效果较好的植物品种,构成双层次群落结构(FAMS)用以修复太湖地区富营养化水体。     

Testing the Norwegian phosphorus index at the field and subcatchment scale

Simple risk assessment tools for agricultural phosphorus (P) losses, like the P index, have been developed in the U.S.A. and in some European countries. Despite its popularity, there have been surprisingly few studies, which try to test the index close to the field scale. For Norway, the P index approach comprises the risk related to both the source of P (soil P status, amount of fertilizer and manure as well as method of application, plant P release by freezing and P balance) and the risk related to transport of P (erosion, flooding, surface runoff, contributing distance, modified connectivity, soil profile, subsurface drainage). In this paper, we have applied the Norwegian P index to farmer fields within a small agricultural catchment, the Skuterud catchment (450 ha), in southeastern Norway. The Norwegian P index was tested for two agricultural fields (0.3–0.4 ha) and nine subcatchments (6–65 ha). Total P concentrations in runoff from the 11 study areas were measured during the year from May 2001 to April 2002. Results from the testing showed that the Norwegian P index described 66% of the variation in measured relative total P concentration for fields and subcatchments included in this study. Additionally, the P index was able to detect fields and subcatchments with the highest measured P concentrations. Results also showed that the source factor contributed most to the variation between fields and hence were important for the identification of high-risk areas in Skuterud catchment. It was found that the soil P status described 66% of the variation in the source factor. Among the transport variables, it was found that both erosion risk and contributing distance had an important influence on the transport factor. Overall, the study illustrated the potential of the P index to detect areas with the highest risk of P loss.     

水体富营养化及其治理措施

由于大量未经处理的污水直接进入水体，使得水体中氮磷营养物质不断积累，部分藻类及水生生物过度繁殖，最终导致了水体的富营养化，为治理富营养化水体可以采取截污、清淤挖泥、引水冲污等工程性措施，也可以采取利用生物生长需吸收氮磷营养物质这一自然过程来达到去除氮磷的目的，即生物性措施。     

Cell surface-expression of the phosphate-binding protein PstS: System development, characterization, and evaluation for phosphorus removal and recovery

Simultaneous overabundance and scarcity of inorganic phosphate(P_i) is a critical issue driving the development of innovative water/wastewater treatment technologies that not only facilitate Pi removal to prevent eutrophication,but also recover P_i for agricultural reuse.Here,a cell-surface expressed high-affinity phosphate binding protein(PstS) system was developed,and its P_i capture and release potential was evaluated.E.coli was genetically modified to express PstS on its outer membrane using the ice nucleation protein(INP)as an anchoring motif.Verification of protein expression and localization were performed utilizing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE),western blot,and outer membrane separation analyses.Cell surface characterization was investigated through acid-base titration,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).These tests provided information on the macromolecular structure and composition of the bacteria surface as well as the proton-exchange properties of the surface functional groups(i.e.,pKa values).Phosphate desorption and adsorption batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature,pH,and ionic strength on phosphate capture and release.The PstS surface-displayed cells demonstrated greater potential to release and capture phosphate compared to non-modified cells.Higher temperatures up to 40℃,basic pH conditions(pH=10.5),and higher ionic strength up to 1.0 mol/L KCl promoted 20%-50% higher phosphate release.     

Rates of accumulation of cadmium and uranium in a New Zealand hill farm soil as a result of long-term use of phosphate fertilizer

In New Zealand, phosphate (P) fertilisers used in agriculture are the main sources of the potentially toxic elements cadmium (Cd) and uranium (U), which occur as unwanted contaminants. New Zealand is developing draft soil guideline values (SGV) for maximum concentrations of Cd. To assess when soils under pasture for sheep production might reach a particular SGV, we analysed archived soil samples from a 23 yr P fertiliser trial. The pasture sites were at Whatawhata, North Island, New Zealand, and had received P fertiliser at the rates of 0, 30, 50 and 100 kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. From 1983 to 1989, P was applied as single superphosphate, from 1989 to 2006, P was applied as triple superphosphate. Soils from replicate paddocks were sampled annually to a depth of 75 mm on easy (10-20°) and steep (30-40°) slope classes. Total P, Cd and U were analysed by ICP-MS after acid digestion. Data were analysed by fitting trend lines using linear mixed models for two slope classes and for two sampling periods 1983-1989 and 1989-2006 when the soil sampling method and fertiliser type had been changed.The changes in total P, Cd and U were directly related to the type and amount of P fertiliser applied, the control treatment showed no significant change in P, Cd or U. At 50 and 100 kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ there were generally linear increases in total P and total U, and the same trend line applied to both time periods, but the rate of increase in P was greater on the easy slope class. For Cd, a “broken stick” model was needed to explain the data. Pre-1989, Cd increased in the 50 and 100 kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ treatment (0.036-0.045 mg kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively): post 1988 the rate of increase declined markedly on those two treatments (0.005-0.015 mg kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively), and declined absolutely in the 30 kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ treatments. The maximum content of Cd was in the 100 kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ treatment which reached 0.931 mg Cd kg⁻¹ on the easy slope. For U there were steady linear increases for the 30, 50 and 100 kg P ha⁻¹ treatments, and no significant difference between the steep and easy slopes, nor the two sampling periods, the maximum concentration obtained was 2.80 mg U kg⁻¹ on the 100 kg P ha⁻¹ treatment. The results suggest that at rates of P fertiliser likely to be applied to hill farms (<50 kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), and using P fertiliser with low Cd content, then the Cd concentration in this soil will never reach a SGV of 1 mg kg⁻¹.     

污水除磷技术的研究与发展

介绍了废水除磷技术的常用方法,并阐述了工艺发展现状及污水除磷技术的最新发展动向.提出以反硝化除磷教术为基础的双污泥工艺是一种很有前景的处理工艺,磷的回收利用是除磷技术发展的必然趋势.以实现可持续发展的除磷技术为目的,并对今后的研究方向作出展望.     

应用生态系统模型研究淀山湖富营养化控制方案

由于淀山湖上游污染负荷以及周边污水的排放,淀山湖已经严重富营养化。通过建立淀山湖生态系统模型,基于大量现场实测数据,对生态系统模型进行率定和验证,并利用生态系统模型对淀山湖N,P营养盐时间变化规律和藻类生长演替进行了系统研究,对各污染负荷削减的富营养化控制方案的效果进行模拟。模拟结果显示:该生态模型较好地模拟了常规水质和藻类的动态变化;淀山湖污染负荷主要来自于上游负荷,削减上游负荷对水质改善效果明显好于其他污染源削减方案;削减上游负荷95%以上,才能有效抑制蓝藻水华;P对蓝藻生长的控制效果好于控制氮。     

高分子凝胶球用于城市污水深度处理的研究

制备海藻酸钠-钙(SA-Ca)、海藻酸钠-铁(SA-Fe)、包埋活性炭海藻酸钠-铁(SA-Fe-AC)凝胶球,对城市污水处理厂二级出水的COD和无机磷进行深度处理。结果表明:SA-Ca凝胶球对COD的去除率为10%,SA-Fe凝胶球对COD及无机磷的去除率分别为42%和93%。SA-Fe-AC凝胶球对COD及无机磷的去除率分别为75%和87%。SA-Fe及SA-Fe-AC对COD的吸附符合Langmuir型,均属于单分子层吸附,其饱和吸附量分别为416.7mg/g、909mg/g。     

含磷和硫化钠污染土壤修复及无害化处理可行性探讨

通过土壤性质分析针对含磷和硫化钠污染土壤,进行修复处理技术及实践应用可行性探讨,提出灌注氧化剂的化学修复方案及应用措施与对策,可使含磷和硫化钠污染土壤无害化,该法可操作,效果好,节约修复成本,防止二次污染物迁移．有效修复土地功能。     

Particle size distribution and pollutants in road-deposited sediments in different areas of Zhenjiang,China

An understanding of road-deposited sediment (RDS) characteristics on an impervious surface is essential to estimate pollutant washoff characteristics and to minimise the impacts of pollutants on the water environment. A total of 62 RDS samples were collected from four different land-use types (commercial, residential, intense traffic and riverside park) in Zhenjiang City, China. The samples were fractionated into seven grain-size classes and analysed for particle size distribution and concentrations of pollutants. The samples are found to consist predominantly of fine particles (60–80%, <250 μm). The maximum mean concentrations of zinc, lead and copper were 686.93, 589.19 and 158.16 mg/kg, respectively, with the highest metal concentrations found in samples from the intense traffic area. The maximum mean contents of organic matter (12.55%), nitrogen (6.31 mg/g) and phosphorus (5.15 mg/g) were found in samples from the commercial area. The concentrations of heavy metals were highest in the smallest particle size fraction analysed (63 μm). The organic matter and nitrogen content generally increased with decreasing particle sizes in the <500-μm particle size range. The results also revealed that most of the total nitrogen (TN) is attached to the finer sediments and that to effectively reduce TN loads in particulates, treatment facilities must be able to remove the finer particles (down to 125 μm for TN).