Towards global phosphorus security: a systems framework for phosphorus recovery and reuse options

Human intervention in the global phosphorus cycle has mobilised nearly half a billion tonnes of the element from phosphate rock into the hydrosphere over the past half century. The resultant water pollution concerns have been the main driver for sustainable phosphorus use (including phosphorus recovery). However the emerging global challenge of phosphorus scarcity with serious implications for future food security, means phosphorus will also need to be recovered for productive reuse as a fertilizer in food production to replace increasingly scarce and more expensive phosphate rock. Through an integrated and systems framework, this paper examines the full spectrum of sustainable phosphorus recovery and reuse options (from small-scale low-cost to large-scale high-tech), facilitates integrated decision-making and identifies future opportunities and challenges for achieving global phosphorus security. Case studies are provided rather than focusing on a specific technology or process. There is no single solution to achieving a phosphorus-secure future: in addition to increasing phosphorus use efficiency, phosphorus will need to be recovered and reused from all current waste streams throughout the food production and consumption system (from human and animal excreta to food and crop wastes). There is a need for new sustainable policies, partnerships and strategic frameworks to develop renewable phosphorus fertilizer systems for farmers. Further research is also required to determine the most sustainable means in a given context for recovering phosphorus from waste streams and converting the final products into effective fertilizers, accounting for life cycle costs, resource and energy consumption, availability, farmer accessibility and pollution.     

Simultaneous removal of phosphorus and potassium from synthetic urine through the precipitation of magnesium potassium phosphate hexahydrate

This study investigated the simultaneous removal of P and K from synthetic urine through the precipitation of magnesium potassium phosphate hexahydrate (MPP, MgKPO₄·6H₂O) in bench-scale experiments. Results show that the removal efficiencies of P and K are mainly determined by the solution pH and the molar ratio of Mg:K:P. Co-precipitation of struvite-type compounds, i.e., magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MAP, MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O), magnesium sodium phosphate heptahydrate (MSP, MgNaPO₄·7H₂O), and MPP, was confirmed by analysis of the solid precipitates using a Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Dispersive X-ray Apparatus and an X-ray Diffractometer. The co-precipitation significantly influenced the removal of K. As much ammonium as possible should be removed prior to MPP precipitation because MAP had higher tendency to form than MPP. The inevitable co-precipitation of MPP and MSP resulted in the addition of more MgCl₂·6H₂O and Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O to obtain the high removal of K. In total, the removal efficiencies of P and K were 77% and 98%, respectively, in the absence of ammonium when pH was 10 and the molar ratio of Mg:K:P was 2:1:2. The results indicate that the MPP precipitation is an efficient method for the simultaneous removal of P and K to yield multi-nutrient products.     

不同形态P对Cu、Zn、Cd联合生物毒性效应的影响

运用水潘趋光行为的抑制试验研究了水体中不同磷形态和重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd)共同存在时的联合生物毒性效应.结果表明,水体中重金属的生物毒性不仅取决于它们的种类和浓度,也与溶液中共存的P形态有关.重金属对水溞的生物毒性由强至弱依次为Cu2 ＞Zn2 ＞Cd2 ;当溶液中存在不同形态的P时,重金属的生物毒性发生了改变.中等P营养水平(TP为0.05mg·L-1)时,不同形态P的存在可显著降低Cu、Zn、Cd的生物毒性,在某种程度上减轻重金属对生物的伤害.不同形态P对重金属生物毒性的拮抗作用顺序为H2PO-4≈HPO24-＞PO34-.因此,重金属污染与富营养化双重胁迫水体的生物毒性,将可能因水体中P形态的不同而产生差异.     

废水除磷研究进展

介绍与评述了两种生物除磷机理和基于这两种机理的除磷工艺，并研究了从废水处理中回收磷的新动向，阐述了磷回收的可能途径和工艺。     

陶粒在废水除磷中的试验研究

采用粉煤灰、膨润土、粘土、发泡剂为主要原料,与外加添加剂混合,烧结制备应用于环境工程的陶粒。通过静态试验和动态试验考察了陶粒对磷的去除效果,在静态试验中,考察了添加剂的成份、含量以及振荡时间对其除磷效果的影响和对出水pH值的影响,试验结果表明,含钙量越多的陶粒,其对磷的去除率越高,其中只加钙的陶粒对磷的去除率在振荡5h时就达到最高94.86%;而不加添加剂的陶粒对磷的去除效果最差,在振荡5h时仅为15.6%。将不同种陶粒放入pH为6.12的模拟废水中,振荡为0.5 h时,其出水pH值便发生明显的变化,其中含钙陶粒的出水pH变化最大,达到10.77,随着振荡时间的增加,其出水的pH值便不再发生明显的变化。在动态试验中,对含钙陶粒进行动态吸附试验,其泄漏值是60 BV,饱和吸附量为150 BV。     

粉煤灰处理含磷废水的研究

迷了降低水体富营养化，以粉煤灰作为吸附剂，探讨了含磷为５０－１２０ｍｇ／Ｌ模拟废水脱磷的一般规律，结果表明，粉煤灰是一种有效的吸附剂，在含Ｐ浓度为５０－１２０ｍｇ／Ｌ，粉煤灰用量每５０ｍＬ为２－２．５ｇ，粒径范围１４０－１６０目，ＰＨ中性的实验条件下，磷的去除率最高可达９９％以上。     

上海市区降水径流磷的负荷空间分布

选择城市降水径流，采用实地降水径流的样品、室内化学分析相结合的方法，研究了上海市区降水径流中营养元素P的负荷及其地区分布特征。研究结果表明，城市降水径流中P具有较高的含量水平，其DOP、DIP和TP的均值含量分别为0．136、0．177和0．313mg/L。从城市降水径流中P负荷的空间分布来看、除农业区P含量较低外，其他功能区P含量普遍较高，其中居住区TP含量最高，达0．487mg/L。此外，新老居住区P含量也存在明显差异，前者远小于后者。     

垃圾渗滤液对潮滩沉积物营养盐污染影响研究

以上海市老港垃扭填埋场附近潮滩为例,研究了垃圾渗滤液的排放对潮滩沉积物营养盐污染负荷的影响,结果表明：由于垃圾渗滤液的排放,潮滩表层沉积物中营养盐N、P的含量显著增加;在向海向上,随距排污口距离的增加表层沉积物中N、P的含量有所降低;受垃圾填埋时间长短的影响。南北线潮滩沉积物中N、P的含量有明显差异,北线沉积物中总无机氮和总无机磷的含量均明显高于南线。柱样沉积物中N、P的含量随深度也呈现一定的变化规律：氨氮含量随深度的增加而增加,总磷含量随深度的增加而减少。     

城市富营养湖泊沉积物中磷负荷及其释放对水质的影响

以南京玄武湖为研究对象,探讨了城市富营养湖泊沉积物中磷的分布、化学形态和负荷量:通过模拟实验深入研究了溶解氧、pH值、温度、扰动等环境因子对沉积物中磷的释放影响．进而得出磷释放速率．并对pH值影响作出校正,计算出沉积物中磷对湖水释放量,为玄武湖富营养化防治提供科学依据。      

天然水与28种市售饮用水中"三氮"和磷的调查

2004年8月,测定了海水、黄河水、小清河水、雨水、地下水以及17种瓶装矿泉水、9种瓶装纯净水和北京市、青岛市自来水中的"三氮" (NH 4-N、NO-2-N、NO-3-N) 、无机磷、pH、DO等,发现天然水中NO-3-N过高,水体氮负荷增加,N/P最高达697,雨水pH最低为3.98,部分矿泉水NO-3-N比青岛市自来水还高,北京市自来水的NO-3-N高达8.53 mg/L,为所测饮用水之首.