用小波方法识别并提取通河体应变震前异常

基于小波变换理论可以识别、清除数字化资料干扰。本文利用小波方法对通河体应变2006年以来资料进行分析,并结合黑龙江及邻区4.0级以上地震震例资料探讨该方法对于提取体应变数据的震前异常信息的有效性,结果表明在一些地震前2～5个月,体应变都接收到了周期10～30天左右的异常信号,该方法能有效地提取震前异常。     

城市机动车道路面初期效应及初期径流弃除量探讨

路面径流污染是城市面源污染的主要组成部分,初期径流弃除被认为是一种有效的源头控制方法.对于初期径流、初期效应尚没有明确的定义,且路面冲刷规律较难把握,使得对路面初期径流是否弃除以及弃除最的确定都缺乏理论依据.通过对北京某典型机动车道路面径流水质的监测,分别用基于浓度和基于负荷两种初期径流定义方法对初期效应进行了判断,初...     

有限体积法软件在天然气处理厂含硫气体三维扩散模拟中的应用

应用基于流体动力学原理的CFD方法,用有限体积法软件进行了某天然气处理厂脱硫塔泄漏后在复杂三维地形的仿真扩散模拟,计算结果能够较真实地反映气体扩散过程受三维复杂地形和风速的影响情况,为定量风险评价和企业安全生产管理提供技术支撑。     

基于多种测试平台喷雾粒径特性实验研究

目的 研究平台环境差异对喷雾液滴粒径造成的影响。方法 分别在喷嘴测试台、直流吸气式风洞、闭口回流式结冰风洞等3种测试平台上开展喷雾液滴粒径测量,并将测量结果进行对比分析。结果 各平台喷雾dMVD随水气压变化的规律性都较好,dMVD随着水压的增大而增大,随着气压的增大而减小。对于dMVD≤30 μm的工况,3种测试平台的dMVD测量结果接近,但粒径分布存在差异。对于dMVD>30 μm的工况,直流吸气式风洞和闭口回流式结冰风洞喷雾的dMVD都比喷嘴测试台大,粒径分布向大颗粒方向偏移。结论 气流温度、速度、环境湿度、湍流度以及平台构型等环境因素均对喷雾液滴粒径产生影响,多因素耦合作用使得闭口回流式结冰风洞液滴的蒸发、碰撞合并、破碎等行为都更强烈,从而造成了其与喷嘴测试台、直流吸气式风洞喷雾的粒径特性存在差异。     

Estimation of PM_(10) in the trafc-related atmosphere for three road types in Beijing and Guangzhou,China

The levels of roadside PM10in Beijing, China, were investigated in 2011 and 2012 on a seasonal basis to estimate the population exposure to particulates for three road types. The measurements of PM10 were also conducted in the southern Chinese megacity of Guangzhou for comparison purposes. The results showed that roadside PM10in Beijing correlated strongly with the PM10background in the urban atmosphere. The levels of PM10in street canyons were markedly higher than those along the open roads and in crossroad areas because of limited ventilation. An elevation of PM10was observed in April, which was possibly due to the sand storms that frequently occur in the spring. Based on these observations, roadside PM10in Beijing could have multiple origins and was to some extent dispersiongoverned. In Guangzhou, the roadside PM10did not closely relate to the background values. The PM10 pollution was greatly afected by local trafc conditions. The simulation of PM10 for diferent road types was completed during the study period using the Motor Vehicle Emissions Factor Model(MOBILE6.2) as an emission model and the California Line Source Dispersion Model(CALINE4) and Operational Street Pollution Model(OSPM) as dispersion models. The MOBILE6.2/CALINE4 software package was demonstrated to be sufcient for the simulation of PM10in the open roads and crossroad areas in both Beijing and Guangzhou, and the simulation results of roadside PM10 in the street canyons by the MOBILE6.2/OSPM package were in close agreement with those of the measurements.     

煤层注热CO2驱替CH4特性实验研究*

为研究注CO2增产煤层气过程中注气温度对煤层渗透特性变化的影响,利用自主研发的CO2置换驱替CH4实验系统,在注气温度为40,50,60 ℃条件下进行CO2置换驱替CH4实验,定量分析置换驱替过程中出口气体流量、孔隙压力以及煤层渗透率等变化规律。研究结果表明:在实验测试的40~60 ℃范围内,提高CO2注入温度有助于产出更多的CH4及封存CO2,CO2注入温度越高,出口混合气体流量和CH4气体流量越大,呈现出先升高后降低并趋于稳定的变化趋势,实验结束时置换体积比分别为2.704,2.741和2.595,注气温度为60 ℃时驱替效果较好,每产出单位体积的CH4注入的CO2量最少;煤层孔隙压力随注气时间呈现先逐渐上升后趋于平稳的变化趋势,逐渐趋近注气压力0.8 MPa;注CO2置换驱替CH4及提高CO2注入温度会降低煤层的渗透性,注气温度恒定时,渗透率随注气时间增加呈现先逐渐降低后趋于平稳的变化规律,注气温度由40 ℃升至60 ℃时,渗透率从0.017 1×10-15 m2下降至0.009 8×10-15 m2,降低幅度为34.50%~42.69%。     

A CFD based explosion risk analysis methodology using time varying release rates in dispersion simulations

A full probabilistic Explosion Risk Analysis (ERA) is commonly used to establish overpressure exceedance curves for offshore facilities. This involves modelling a large number of gas dispersion and explosion scenarios. Capturing the time dependant build up and decay of a flammable gas cloud size along with its shape and location are important parameters that can govern the results of an ERA. Dispersion simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are generally carried out in detailed ERA studies to obtain these pieces of information. However, these dispersion simulations are typically modelled with constant release rates leading to steady state results. The basic assumption used here is that the flammable gas cloud build up rate from these constant release rate dispersion simulations would mimic the actual transient cloud build up rate from a time varying release rate. This assumption does not correctly capture the physical phenomena of transient gas releases and their subsequent dispersion and may lead to very conservative results. This in turn results in potential over design of facilities with implications on time, materials and cost of a project.In the current work, an ERA methodology is proposed that uses time varying release rates as an input in the CFD dispersion simulations to obtain the fully transient flammable gas cloud build-up and decay, while ensuring the total time required to perform the ERA study is also reduced. It was found that the proposed ERA methodology leads to improved accuracy in dispersion results, steeper overpressure exceedance curves and a significant reduction in the Design Accidental Load (DAL) values whilst still maintaining some conservatism and also reducing the total time required to perform an ERA study.     

雨水调蓄池与苏州河市政泵站排江污染削减分析

雨天苏州河延岸市政泵站的排江污染是造成苏州河水质不稳定的原因之一,在兼顾防汛与截污的基础上,对延岸大泵站建设雨水调蓄池是削减苏州河排江污染负荷的重要工程,通过对成都路调蓄池试运行研究,估算每年可削减成都路泵站排江量50%以上,削减CODcr 11.53吨、SS 4.76吨。     

Levels of Lead in Urban Soils from Selected Cities in a Central Region of the Philippines (7 pp)

Background Aims, and Scope. Lead (Pb) is a naturally occurring element that poses environmental hazards when present at elevated concentration. It is being released into the environment because of industrial uses and from the combustion of fossil fuels. Hence, Pb is ubiquitous throughout global ecosystems. The existence of potentially harmful concentrations of Pb in the environment must be given full attention. Emissions from vehicles are major source of environmental contamination by Pb. Thus, it becomes imperative that concentrations of Pb and other hazardous materials in the environment not only in the Philippines, but elsewhere in the world be adequately examined in order that development of regulations and standards to minimize risk associated with these materials in urban areas is continued. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the levels of Pb in soil from selected urbanized cities in central region of the Philippines; (2) to identify areas with soil Pb concentration values that exceed estimated natural concentrations and allowable limits; and (3) to determine the possible sources that contribute to elevated soil Pb concentration (if any) in the study area. Methods This study was limited to the determination of Pb levels in soils of selected urbanized cities located in central region in the Philippines, namely: Site 1 – Tarlac City in Tarlac; Site 2 – Cabanatuan City in Nueva Ecija; Site 3 – Malolos City in Bulacan; Site 4 – San Fernando City in Pampanga; Site 5 – Balanga City in Bataan; and Site 6 – Olongapo City in Zambales. Soil samples were collected from areas along major thoroughfares regularly traversed by tricycles, passenger jeepneys, cars, vans, trucks, buses, and other motor vehicles. Soil samples were collected from five sampling sites in each of the study areas. Samples from the selected sampling sites were obtained approximately 2 to 3 meters from the road. Analysis of the soil samples for Pb content was conducted using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was conducted from 2003 to 2004. Since this study assumed that vehicular emission is the major source of Pb contamination in urban soil, other information which the researchers deemed to have bearing on the study were obtained such as relative quantity of each gasoline type disposed of in each city within a given period and volume of traffic in each sampling site. A survey questionnaire for gasoline station managers was prepared to determine the relative quantity of each fuel type (diesel, regular gasoline, premium gasoline, and unleaded gasoline) disposed of or sold within a given period in each study area. Results and Discussion Analysis of soil samples for Pb content showed the presence of Pb in all the soil samples collected from the 30 sampling sites in the six cities at varying concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 251 mg kg–1. Elevated levels of Pb in soil (i.e. greater than 25 mg kg–1 Pb) were detected in five out of the six cities investigated. Site 4 recorded the highest Pb concentration (73.9 ± 94.4 mg kg–1), followed by Site 6 (56.3 ± 17.1 mg kg–1), Site 3 (52.0 ± 33.1 mg kg–1), Site 5 (39.3 ± 19.0 mg kg–1), and Site 2 (38.4 ± 33.2 mg kg–1). Soil Pb concentration in Site 1 (16.8 ± 12.2 mg kg–1) was found to be within the estimated natural concentration range of 5 to 25 mg kg–1. Site 1 registered the least Pb concentration. Nonetheless, the average Pb concentration in the soil samples from the six cities studied were all found to be below the maximum tolerable limit according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The high Pb concentration in Site 4 may be attributed mainly to vehicular emission. Although Site 4 only ranked 3rd in total volume of vehicles, it has the greatest number of Type B and Type C vehicles combined. Included in these categories are diesel trucks, buses, and jeepneys which are considered the largest contributors of TSP (total suspended particles) and PM10 (particulate matter less than 10 microns) emissions. Conclusion Only one (San Juan in Site 4) of the thirty sampling sites recorded a Pb concentration beyond the WHO permissible limit of 100 mg kg–1. San Juan in Site 4 had a Pb concentration of >250 mg kg–1. On the average, elevated Pb concentration was evident in the soil samples from San Fernando, Olongapo, Malolos, Balanga, and Cabanatuan. The average soil Pb concentrations in these cities exceeded the maximum estimated natural soil Pb concentration of 25 mg kg–1. Average soil Pb concentration in Site 1 (16.8 mg kg–1) was well within the estimated natural concentration range of 5 to 25 mg kg–1. Data gathered from the study areas showed that elevated levels of Pb in soil were due primarily to vehicular emissions and partly to igneous activity. Recommendation and Outlook The findings of this study presented a preliminary survey on the extent of Pb contamination of soils in urban cities in central region of Philippines Island. With this kind of information on hand, government should develop a comprehensive environmental management strategy to address vehicular air pollution in urban areas, which shows as one of the most pressing environmental problems in the country. Basic to this is the continuous monitoring of Pb levels and other pollutants in air, soil, and water. Further studies should be conducted to monitor soil Pb levels in the six cities studied particularly in areas with elevated Pb concentration. The potential for harm from Pb exposure cannot be understated. Of particular concern are children who are more predisposed to Pb toxicity than adults. Phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated sites is strongly recommended to reduce Pb concentration in soil. Several studies have confirmed that plants are capable of absorbing extra Pb from soil and that some plants, grass species in particular, and can naturally absorb far more Pb than others.     

模拟酸雨对山东主要土壤类型理化性质的影响

以ｐＨ２、３、４、５的模拟酸雨,对山东省棕壤,褐土,潮土,砂姜黑土,盐渍土等５种土壤进行了１－１０ａ室内淋洗土柱试验,结果表明,除棕壤在ｐＨ２的模拟酸雨淋洗第４ａ开始酸化以外,其余４种土壤１０ａ淋滤波ｐＨ值均大于７;模拟酸雨淋洗土壤１０ａ,土壤淋失盐基总量是褐土〉砂姜黑〉盐渍土〉潮土〉棕壤,盐基离子对酸雨的敏感性为Ｃａ＾２＋〉Ｍｇ＾２＋〉Ｋ＾＋,Ｎａ＾＋模拟酸雨对土壤中活化作用是除棕壤ｐＨ２出现活