多层圆管夹芯结构的装甲车底板防爆设计

为提高轮式装甲车防护地雷的能力,寻找能够实现最佳防护效果的装甲结构形式,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件平台,对不同的装甲结构在爆炸载荷作用下的响应进行仿真计算。首先探究多层圆管排列方式对冲击吸能的影响,得出密排圆管结构的抗冲击能力强于齐排和交叉排列的方式。然后在爆炸载荷下对由双层密排圆管组成的夹芯层防护结构进行数值计算,并对比试验结果,验证了所建立计算模型数值模拟结果的有效性。最后由数值计算结果确定了最佳的防护结构。数值模拟和试验结果表明,防护结构的面密度增大,防护效果明显改善;相同面密度的防护结构中圆管的直径越大,圆管的压缩行程越大,防护效果越好。     

VOCs released from municipal solid waste at the initial decomposition stage: Emission characteristics and an odor impact assessment

The nuisance from odor caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) is resulting in a growing number of public complaints and concerns. Odor pollution occurs in the initial decomposition stage of MSW, including waste collection, transportation and early pre-treatment. Furthermore, decomposition takes place in waste facilities that are often close to living areas, which can result in odor impacts on local inhabitants. However, this aspect of odor impact from MSW has not been well studied. In the current study, lab-scale waste cells were designed to simulate MSW storage conditions in the early stage. The characteristics of VOCs emissions with different waste compositions were analyzed. The odor concentration (C_O, non-dimensional) method and odor intensity were used for the assessment of odor. Ethanol was the substance with highest emission rate. The release rate of VOCs increased with the growth easily biodegradable waste (EBW). VOCs emissions was reduced by 25% when the proportion of EBW decreased from 60% to 45%. Methyl sulfide, ethanol, dimethyl disulfide and ethyl acetate were identified as typical odorants. The EBW proportion in waste is the main factor significantly influencing odor pollution. The C_O was 244.51 for the 60% EBW condition, which was only 61.46 for 15% EBW condition. These study results provide important information for the implementation of a garbage sorting policy and the monitoring of odor pollution from waste management.     

基于敏感性分析的危险废物填埋场工程和地质屏障参数优化

为优化危险废物填埋场地下水污染风险控制的工程/地质屏障参数,基于过程模型模拟-参数敏感性分析-参数优选的系统框架和方法,分析关键参数对于地下水中渗滤液所携带污染物浓度的影响和敏感性,基于分析结果推荐技术参数的取值区间和最低的技术参数要求.结果表明:①各参数对地下水污染风险的敏感性排序依次为导排支管间距>含水层厚度>导排层坡度>天然衬层渗透系数>导排层渗透系数>地下水流速.②当导排支管间距>25 m、导排层坡度 < 2%、导排层渗透系数 < 0.000 1 cm/s、天然衬层渗透系数>1×10-6 cm/s时,地下水污染风险急剧增大;反之,当导排支管间距 < 10 m、导排层坡度>3%、导排层渗透系数>0.01 cm/s、天然衬层渗透系数 < 5×10-7 cm/s时,对地下水污染风险的管控并无明显影响.③导排支管间距最低为25 m,但不宜 < 10 m,导排层坡度最低为2%,但不宜>3%,导排层渗透系数最低为0.01 cm/s,天然衬层渗透系数最低为1.0×10-6 cm/s.研究显示,现有标准中给出的参数取值具有合理性,但范围较广,应结合水文地质参数与填埋场参数确定.      

诺氟沙星吸附剂生物炭-壳聚糖复合微球的制备优化

为了提高生物炭-壳聚糖复合微球对NOR（诺氟沙星）的吸附能力,以复合微球对NOR的吸附量为指标,考察了生物炭与壳聚糖质量比、壳聚糖脱乙酰度、戊二醛用量、交联时间、交联速率及生物炭热解温度对复合微球吸附NOR的影响,并由均匀试验确定复合微球的最佳制备条件.结果表明,生物炭与壳聚糖质量比、壳聚糖脱乙酰度、戊二醛用量、交联时间、交联速率及生物炭热解温度对复合微球吸附NOR具有明显影响.制备复合微球的关键影响因素是生物炭热解温度、戊二醛用量和交联速率.吸附NOR的复合微球最佳制备条件:生物炭热解温度为300℃、生物炭与壳聚糖质量比为5:1、壳聚糖脱乙酰度为77%、戊二醛用量为80 mL、交联速率为150 r/min、交联时间为3 h.此时,复合微球对NOR的吸附量为9.51 mg/g,且具有较高的耐酸溶性和机械强度.研究显示,复合微球能够高效吸附NOR,并且吸附后容易分离,具有修复水体污染的潜力.      

GENERATING DESIGN HYDROGRAPHS BY DEM ASSISTED GEOMORPHIC RUNOFF SIMULATION: A CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: The geomorphic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) may be one of the most successful methodologies for predicting flow characteristics in ungauged watersheds. However, one difficulty in applying the GIUH model is determination of travel time, and the other difficulty is the large amount of geomorphologic information required in the study watershed. Recently, using the kinematic-wave theory Lee and Yen (1997) have analytically determined the travel times for overland and channel flows in watersheds. The limitation of using an empirical velocity equation to estimate the runoff travel time for a specified watershed is then relaxed. To simplify the time-consuming work involved in geomorphic parameter measurement on topographic maps, the GIUH model is linked with geographic information systems to obtain geomorphic parameters from digital elevation models. In this paper, a case study performed for peak flow analysis in an ungauged watershed is presented. The geomorphic characteristics of the study watershed were analyzed using a digital elevation model and were used to construct the runoff simulation model. The design storm was then applied to the geomorphic runoff simulation model to obtain the design hydrograph. The analytical procedures proposed in this study can provide a convenient way for hydrologists to estimate hydrograph characteristics based on limited hydrologic information.     

CRITICAL ELEMENTS IN DESCRIBING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR NATION'S AQUATIC RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT: Despite spending $115 billion per year on environmental actions in the United States, we have only a limited ability to describe the effectiveness of these expenditures. Moreover, after decades of such investments, we cannot accurately describe status and trends in the nation's aquatic ecosystems or even those in specific regions. Why? This situation has arisen in part because we have excluded the fundamental principles of probability designs that are widely used in other fields and we have often ignored direct measures of biota, the subjects of greatest concern. To demonstrate the results of ignoring these powerful statistical and biological tools, we present four case studies. These studies compare estimates of aquatic resource status derived from using (1) a probability-based study design, often with biological measures of condition; and (2) a nonstatistical study design, often using chemical surrogates. In three of the four cases, the results derived from the nonstatistical perspective underestimate the degree of biological degradation.     

城市生态绿地系统初论：以南京市为例

本文论述了现代城市绿地的沿革和主要特征,认为健全的城市生态绿地系统才是城市减缓环境压力的保证系统.分析了城市生态绿地系统应具备的系统成分、功能结构及空间布局;提出量、质兼备的系统生态设计准则.同时,规划具有南京市特色的生态防护圈,完善该市的城市生态绿地系统.     

水生植物塘运行规律及设计参数的研究

通过对水生植物塘处理生活污水进行全年观测和研究证明：水生植物塘对有机污染物等有明显净化效果，特别是对氮、磷具有极强的降解能力。对照静态实验，提出了以磷酸盐负荷为主要水生植物塘设计参数的设计思想，提出了温度修正公式，并对其流态及数学模式进行了研究。同时，还对水生植物塘的一般运行规律进行了研究和探讨。     

Phased sampling for soil remediation

In phased sampling, data obtained in one phase is used to design the sampling network for the next phase. GivenN total observations, 1, ...,N phases are possible. Experiments were conducted with one-phase, two-phase, andN-phase design algorithms on surrogate models of sites with contaminated soils. The sampling objective was to identify through interpolation, subunits of the site that required remediation. The cost-effectiveness of alternate methods was compared by using a loss function. More phases are better, but in economic terms, the improvement is marginal. The optimal total number of samples is essentially independent of the number of phases. For two phase designs, 75% of samples in the first phase is near optimal; 20% or less is actually counterproductive.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through its Office of Research and Development (ORD), partially funded and collaborated in the research described here. It has been subjected to the Agency's peer review and has been approved as an EPA publication. The U.S. Government has a non-exclusive, royalty-free licence in and to any copyright covering this article.     

云南稻核心种质苗期耐冷性及其地理生态差异

采用Nagamine等(1991)法研究了598份云南稻核心种质在稻作区划间、地州间苗期耐冷性强弱、变异程度及其地理生态差异。结果表明,稻作区划间苗期耐冷强弱差异较大,平均耐冷级别为:I(4.70)>II(4.78)>V(4.79)>III(5.34)>IV(5.36),40份强耐冷种质频率为II(45%)>I(25%)>III(22.5%)>V(5.0%)>IV(2.5%),其变异系数为II(32.22%)>I(31.28%)>V(29.65%)>III(19.66%)>IV(19.59%);揭示了苗期耐冷性与低温胁迫下水稻冬春育秧、冷泉水密切相关,其耐冷基因源是云南南部地区冬季育秧和滇中一带苗期倒春寒长期协同进化的结果;苗期耐冷种质广泛存在于热带、亚热带和温带地区,品种间苗期耐冷差异也明显。云南稻核心种质16个地州平均苗期耐冷强弱差异较大。根据气候、生态、云南稻种多样性及其苗期耐冷性等将云南稻作区划分为重冷害多样性贫乏区、冷害多样性中区和轻冷害区三部分。其中,曲靖、大理、楚雄、昆明和丽江5个地州平均耐冷级别3.65~4.32,0—2级苗期强耐冷种质占27.5%(2.5%~10%)和高海拔冷泉水苗期灌溉,属于重冷害多样性贫乏区;文山、红河、思茅、保山、德宏和临沧6个地州平均耐冷级别4.45~5.40,0—2级苗期耐冷种质占70%(5%~30%)和冬春育秧,属于冷害多样性中区;怒江、玉溪、昭通、迪庆和西双版纳5个地州平均耐冷级别5.05~5.87,0—2级苗期耐冷种质占2.5%(0~2.5%),属于轻冷害多样性扩散区。水稻冬春育秧和高海拔冷泉水灌溉在云南稻核心种质苗期耐冷基因源演化中起了重要作用。