贝加尔湖高压分裂过程对绥化市重污染的影响

为探究贝加尔湖高压分裂过程对绥化市2020年1月份持续性重污染事件的影响,以WRF中尺度气象预报数据及气象观测数据为分析基础,分析了2020年1月9~21日的天气形势及气象要素变化,并结合污染物浓度观测数据及PM_2.5组分观测数据（13~21日）,分析了该过程中污染物浓度变化及化学组分特征.结果表明：此次污染过程由贝加尔湖分裂高压引起的持续性静稳天气造成,11~20日期间,空气质量指数AQI变化范围为182~329,其中有9d污染状况为重度及以上污染;重污染期间,地面风速最低下降至0.5m/s左右,能见度下降至1km左右,且出现逆温层,大气扩散条件差;持续性静稳天气导致大气氧化性增强,氧化剂浓度（ρ（NO₂）+ρ（O₃））约94~118 μg/m³,相对湿度约为94%,ρ（SO₄^2-）、ρ（NH₄⁺）最大日增量达28.59、11.32μg/m³,增长速度相比于14日分别增加了1264%、1270%,高湿高氧化性的大气环境显著促进了二次无机盐的生成.贝加尔湖高压分裂过程导致持续性静稳天气,加之污染物的本地排放与积累,增加了大气氧化性,进而形成绥化市持续性重污染天气.     

Chemical formation and source apportionment of PM2.5 at an urban site at the southern foot of the Taihang mountains

The region along the Taihang Mountains in the North China Plain (NCP) is characterized by serious fine particle pollution. To clarify the formation mechanism and controlling factors, an observational study was conducted to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the fine particulate matter in Jiaozuo city, China. Mass concentrations of the water-soluble ions (WSIs) in PM_2.5 and gaseous pollutant precursors were measured on an hourly basis from December 1, 2017, to February 27, 2018. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and the FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) model were employed to identify the sources of PM_2.5. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM_2.5 was 111 μg/m³ during the observation period. Among the major WSIs, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) constituted 62% of the total PM_2.5 mass, and NO₃^? ranked the highest with an average contribution of 24.6%. NH₄⁺ was abundant in most cases in Jiaozuo. According to chemical balance analysis, SO₄^2?, NO₃^?, and Cl^? might be present in the form of (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, NH₄Cl, and KCl. The liquid-phase oxidation of SO₂ and NO₂ was severe during the haze period. The relative humidity and pH were the key factors influencing SO₄^2- formation. We found that NO₃^? mainly stemmed from homogeneous gas-phase reactions in the daytime and originated from the hydrolysis of N₂O₅ in the nighttime, which was inconsistent with previous studies. The PMF model identified five sources of PM_2.5: secondary origin (37.8%), vehicular emissions (34.7%), biomass burning (11.5%), coal combustion (9.4%), and crustal dust (6.6%).     

典型钢铁企业挥发性有机物排放量测算及组分特征

选取涵盖钢铁炼制全流程的典型企业,综合采用不同核算方法估算比较了该企业挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放结果;并在此基础之上,通过氟聚化合物气袋、SUMMA罐采样及气相色谱质谱联用仪（GC-FID/MS）分析方法,对烧结、焦化、热轧和冷轧等工序废气中VOCs浓度水平及排放特征进行监测.结果表明,整个厂区VOCs年排放量为430.82t,其中工艺有组织排放占66.0%,储罐18.5%;烧结机头和焦炉推焦排放口VOCs及非甲烷总烃（NMHC）浓度高于其他点位;各工序排放的芳香烃占比较高,其中焦化装煤除尘和焦炉推焦排放口芳香烃占90%以上;烧结工序CS₂占比最高（36.6%）,其次为苯和甲苯;焦化工序占比靠前的物种为1,2,4-三甲基苯、邻甲乙苯、1,4-二乙基苯、1,2,3-三甲基苯和1,3,5-三甲基苯等;热轧工序与其他工序有一定区别,车间无组织排放芳香烃和烷烃占比均在35%左右,排放靠前的物种除芳香烃外还有高碳烷烃,如十一烷、十二烷和正丁烷等;冷轧工序有组织和无组织排放主要物种较为类似,均为芳香烃物种,如乙基苯、间/对二甲苯、甲苯、苯和邻二甲苯.不同工艺环节排放物种存在一定差异,但主要以焦化副产物（芳香烃）和烧结燃烧产物（CS₂）为主,建议钢铁行业有针对性地加强浓度高、活性高和毒性大的组分控制.     

南京亚微米级颗粒物化学组成的季节变化、粒径分布和来源

于2016～2017年不同季节在南京大学仙林校区采集分粒径的颗粒物样品,分析了粒径≤1.1μm颗粒物(PM_1.1;<0.4、0.4～0.7和0.7～1.1μm)中水溶性离子、碳质组分和元素的浓度.结果表明,受当地扩散条件以及热不稳定组分在高温下挥发分解的影响,PM_1.1、 OC、 NO^-₃、 SO₄^2-和NH⁺₄浓度均表现出秋冬高、春夏低的特点.而元素碳在春季因工业和道路扬尘贡献的升高达到最大浓度[(1.87±0.98)μg·m^-3].根据丰量组分间的特征比值,南京PM_1.1中的阴离子由NO^-₃、 SO₄^2-和Cl^-主导,碳质组分主要来自化石燃料燃烧及老化过程.随着温度的升高,热不稳定组分NH⁺₄、 NO     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌脱除废手机PCB表面元器件的方法研究

通过微生物法实现废手机PCB基板与其表面元器件分离,并探究最佳的工艺条件.采用嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,以下简称A.f菌）脱除废手机PCB表面元器件,研究结果表明,经接种处理,浸出3d后,PCB表面元器件有少量脱除;浸出5d后,PCB表面元器件大部分可被脱除,仍有个体较大的元器件未被脱除;浸出7d后,PCB表面元器件被完全脱除;未接种对照组中PCB表面元器件未发生脱除.通过ICP-OES测得A.f菌作用7d的浸出液中含有大量的金属离子,而这些金属离子是构成元器件与PCB衔接处焊脚的主要组成成分,其中Ni、Zn、Al通过A.f菌作用后以离子形态进入浸出液中,焊脚中的单质Sn通过A.f菌作用后转化为离子态进入浸出液中,在浸出液中又迅速形成含锡沉淀物,在浸出第1d浸出液中Sn离子含量急速下降.通过设置不同浸出条件的单因素实验,结果表明：当培养基初始pH值为1.0,固液比为3：50,接种量为15%,温度为30℃,转速为125r/min时,A.f菌脱除手机PCB表面元器件效果最佳.浸出7d后,PCB表面元器件可被完全脱除.     

南京市、苏州市及南通市城区道路扬尘排放特性研究

在江苏南京、苏州和南通三个城市中选取10个采样点,以采集的扬尘样品为研究对象,分析了灼烧减量和扬尘组分.结果表明:南京、南通与苏州元素占比排列基本一致,排列前几位的为Si、Ca、Fe、Al;扬尘化学组分在不同地区有较大差别,南通和苏州扬尘的有机挥发性物质含量较高,城市扬尘主要来源于土壤沙尘的微小颗粒物;同一城市不同用地类型采样点也呈现出一定的规律性,施工区域的SiO2含量最高,商业区和住宅区Al比其他区域高.     

Dynamic model for a heat exchanger tube rupture discharging a high-pressure flashing liquid into a low-pressure liquid-filled shell

Shell-tube type heat exchangers are often used to exchange heat between a high-pressure fluid and a low-pressure fluid. The pressure difference between these two fluids could be significantly high. In the event of a partial or full rupture of a tube, a problem may arise in that a transient pressure rise phenomenon could occur due to the flashing of the high-pressure sub-cooled fluid in the tube into the low-pressure shell, which may cause the shell to rupture with subsequent damage to equipment. This paper presents a dynamic model to describe the transient phenomenon occurring on the shell side following various scenarios of tube rupture. The spatial and temporal aspects of the flow transients along the pressure safety valve riser are accounted for by solving the one-dimensional continuity and momentum hyperbolic partial differential equations as applied to the liquid-filled riser. The dynamics of the attached piping system are also accounted for via two mechanistic models; the first is based on an inertial-resistive assumption of the fluids in this system, while the other is based on the assumption of anechoic perturbations passing through a long section of the attached piping. The latter is justified in cases where the attached piping is long enough such that reflections from the downstream end do not interfere with transients occurring in the shell during the initial phase of fluid flashing into the shell side following rupture. The various phases of this phenomenon are described, however the paper focuses on the initial phase of the phenomenon during which shell overpressure may be encountered. The model is applied to two ethylene heaters in tandem; the first uses propylene on the shell side to heat the ethylene on the tube side, while the second uses methanol, also on the shell side. The ratio between the shell design pressure to the tube design pressure in these two heaters are 0.169 and 0.154, respectively, hence the motivation to accurately model the transients involved in this phenomenon. The practical aspects and discussion around techniques to alleviate potential overpressure scenarios due to tube rupture are emphasized throughout the paper.     

渗滤液难降解物质物化性质研究

渗滤液是生活垃圾处理过程的必然产物,经过近15年的研究,其产生机理和处理方法获得了一定进展,但随着<生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准GB16889-2008>标准的实施,现有处理技术出水大都不能达标,特别是老龄渗滤液或经一定处理后的渗滤液尾水,其处理极限COD大约在300 mg·L-1以上.渗滤液难降解物质的表征可能是解决渗...     

FeCl3絮凝除As效率影响因素的初步研究

研究了FeCl3与As的含量比、pH值、三种常见无机盐组分对于FeCl3除As效率的影响,以及在厌氧微生物存在条件下,溶液中pH的变化,Fe和As各价态还原转化之间的关系.研究结果表明,在中性条件下,As的去除效率随着FeCl3浓度的增加而提高,FeCl3去除As的最佳pH值为6-9.NO-3和低浓度的SO2-4对Fe...     

多年施用生物炭对河南烤烟种植区土壤呼吸的影响

为探究生物炭施用对土壤呼吸的影响,采用5 a定位试验(2013～2017年)研究了不施生物炭(CK)、施用1. 5 t·hm-2生物炭(T1)、施用15 t·hm-2生物炭(T2)、施用45 t·hm-2生物炭(T3)这4种处理下土壤呼吸及土壤水热因子的动态变化规律.结果表明:(1)在土壤中连续5a施入中剂量生物炭(T2:15 t·hm-2)显著降低了烤烟生长季土壤呼吸速率,降幅为25. 89%;当施入量增至45 t·hm-2(T3)时土壤呼吸速率显著增加,增幅为21. 48%(P 0. 05).(2)长期中剂量生物炭的添加显著降低了土壤异养呼吸速率和自养呼吸速率,降幅分别为29. 80%和28. 75%;大剂量生物炭(T3:45 t·hm-2)的施入显著增加了土壤异养呼吸速率,增幅为28. 88%.低剂量生物炭(T1:1. 5 t·hm-2)和中剂量生物炭均显著增加土壤呼吸中自养呼吸的比例,大剂量生物炭的施入显著增加了异养呼吸的比例(P 0. 05).(3)低剂量生物炭显著降低了烤烟生长季土壤5 cm温度;大剂量生物炭显著降低了土壤5 cm湿度.土壤呼吸与土壤5 cm温度之间呈显著指数相关,与土壤5 cm湿度之间未表现出显著相关(P 0. 05).综上,连续5a低剂量生物炭的施用对土壤呼吸无影响,适量生物炭的施用具有固碳减排效应,大剂量生物炭施用则会适得其反,建议生物炭施用范围应控制在15 t·hm-2以内.