民用燃煤排放分级颗粒物中碳组分排放因子

中国是全球碳质气溶胶最重要的贡献者之一,民用燃煤排放占有很大的比重.排放因子的不确定性直接影响碳气溶胶排放清单的准确性.本研究基于室内模拟燃烧实验和稀释通道采样系统,采用FA-3型9级撞击采样器采集了3种蜂窝煤(考虑明烧和闷烧)和包括烟煤与褐煤在内的4种块煤燃烧排放的九级粒径颗粒物,采用热光法分析了不同粒径颗粒物中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量,计算得到排放因子.结果表明:(1)对于蜂窝煤的明烧与闷烧,PM2.1中OC排放因子分别为0.07g·kg~(-1)和0.10 g·kg~(-1),EC的排放因子为0.002 g·kg~(-1)和0.001 g·kg~(-1);闷烧排放的有机碳颗粒物高于明烧;元素碳排放因子低于明烧.块煤排放PM2.1中OC与EC排放因子分别是1.4 g·kg~(-1)和0.02 g·kg~(-1),高出蜂窝煤排放一个数量级.(2)粒径分析结果表明,民用煤燃烧排放的颗粒物及其载带的碳组分集中在细颗粒物上,碳组分的质量中值粒径均小于2.5μm,总碳(OC+EC)的排放因子粒径分布表明蜂窝煤燃烧排放的碳组分富集于≤0.43μm粒径段,块煤富集于0.43~0.65μm粒径段.     

基于流形降维和梯度提升树的大气腐蚀速率预测模型

目的为了挖掘大气腐蚀速率与金属化学成分和暴露时间两个影响因素的定量关系,针对数据集特点,提出一种局部保持投影(Locality Preserving Projection)和梯度提升树(Gradient Boosting Decision Trees)结合的大气腐蚀速率预测模型(LPP-GBDT)。方法采用LPP算法对金属化学成分进行降维处理,得到金属化学成分低维特征,然后引入时间因素,并利用GBDT进行建立预测模型。以青岛海洋大气环境下积累的16年内的腐蚀速率数据进行模型性能验证,结果 LPP-GBDT模型测试集平均绝对误差为1.73μm/a,平均绝对百分误差为6.30%。正交化LPP-GBDT模型测试集平均绝对误差为1.21μm/a,平均绝对百分误差为4.42%。结论与多个典型预测模型相比,LPP-GBDT模型基于暴露时间和化学成分因素实现了大气腐蚀速率较为准确的预测,对特定环境下金属选材具有一定的参考价值。     

青藏高原东缘黄土石英光释光信号积分区间选择

光释光信号积分区间的选择对等效剂量（D _e ）的估算有重要影响。光释光衰减曲线并非单一的指数衰减,而由多个指数衰减函数组成,且每个衰减函数代表不同的信号组分。因矿物晶格陷阱类型不同,各组分有不同的衰减率、热稳定性等。本文对采自青藏高原东缘4个典型黄土分布区的黄土样品进行了系统的石英光释光组分分析和背景区间扣除研究。结果发现：（1）高原东缘黄土石英光释光信号由快、中、慢组分组成,并以快组分占主导,适合用单片再生剂量法测定等效剂量;（2）不同背景区间扣除对小于10 Gy样品等效剂量结果影响较小,误差范围内一致;（3）对大于10 Gy样品,选取早、晚不同背景区间扣除其等效剂量结果差异显著,两者差值占晚期背景扣除所得D _e 值的10%—38%,且有随D _e 值增加而增大的趋势,因此计算大于10 Gy样品D _e 时应慎重选择积分区间。     

川育小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

对15个川育系列品种及其16个亲本进行了沉降值测定，并采用SDS—PAGE方法分析了供试品种的高分子量谷蛋白亚基的组成及分布，分析了不同亚基与SDS沉降值的关系．结果表明，近期育成的优质小麦品种中含有优质HMW亚基，如5 10，而一些早期育成的品种由于缺乏优质亚基，其品质也稍差一些，因此在今后的品质育种工作中应加强对优质亚基的引进、研究和利用．加强HMW—GS在品质育种中的应用与实践．图2表8参12     

土壤固相不同组分对镉,锌吸持的研究

本文选用三种不同类型的土壤，用连续提取法依次去除土壤固相中碳酸盐（石灰性土壤）、锰、有机质、无定型氧化铁和晶型氧化铁组分，制得分离某一组分或某几个组分后的土壤钙饱和的样品，藉此研究土壤固相各组分对重金属Ｃｄ和Ｚｎ吸持的影响，研究结果表明，不同土壤去除某一组分或多个组分后对Ｃｄ和Ｚｎ吸持的影响是不同的，土壤固相中组分的相互作用可能是其主要原因。     

危险废物在填埋场中的浸出规律模拟实验方法研究

应用数学模型对危险物质的非饱水浸出机理进行了分析，并建立了小柱非饱和水模拟浸出实验系统，对危险废物在填埋场中的浸出规律进行了研究，结果表明，小柱模拟实验能较真实地反映实际填埋场中危险组中填埋场中的迁移和浸出规律，该系统的建立为我国危险废物填埋场的设计、施工及埋场的安全评价具有指导意义。     

桂林酸雨中不可溶成份的电镜分析

对广西省桂林市１９８８－０３－１６－１９８８－０３－２９出现的四次系统酸性降水，进行了降水的连续联样和过滤，用电子显微镜观测降水中的不可溶成分，共得到了１２种元素，即Ａｒ，Ｍｇ，Ａｌ，Ｓｉ，Ｐ，Ｓ，Ｃｌ，Ｋ，Ｃａ，Ｆｅ，Ｎｉ和Ｃｒ。用平均值法和聚类法，分析了桂林酸雨中１２种不可溶元素的重量谱特征，以及它们与降水系统之间的关系。     

Pressure relief sizing of reactive system using DIERS simplified methods and dynamic simulation method

Incidents involving uncontrolled chemical reactions continue to result in fatality, injury and economic loss. These incidents are often the result of inadequate pressure relief system designs due to a limited knowledge of the chemical reactivity hazard. A safe process design requires knowledge of the chemical reactivity of desired as well as undesired chemical reactions due to upset conditions. Simplified, cost effective methods to relief system sizing are presented by The Design Institute of Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS). They require multiple experiments, and sizing is only valid for the system composition and thermal inertia represented by the small scale experiments. Results are often conservative, especially for gassy systems. Detailed, dynamic computer simulation is highly accurate and can be used for iterative design and multiple scenario evaluation.In this study, an accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC^®) and a low thermal inertia calorimeter (automatic pressure tracking adiabatic calorimeter – APTAC™) were used to collect chemical reactivity data for the dicumyl peroxide and toluene system. Results of the pressure relief system sizing using the dynamic simulation method are presented and compared with DIERS simplified methods.     

Research on a small-noise reduction method based on EMD and its application in pipeline leakage detection

The noise included in pipeline pressure signal is a small noise whose energy takes a small proportion of pressure signal and is concentrated on high frequency components. However, it will influence pipeline leakage identification and even cause false alarms. Thus, a small-noise reduction method based on EMD (SNR-EMD) is proposed to remove small noise from pressure signal. EMD is applied for extracting the mean envelope of the signal. Then, small fluctuations around the mean envelope are considered to be small noises. Meanwhile, end effect of SNR-EMD is restrained by extrema mirror extension (EME). The results of simulation studies with SNR-EMD show that the larger the noisy signal's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is, the better noise reduction effect becomes. And SNR-EMD considered as a low-pass filter removes or reduces the high frequency components. Furthermore, superiorities of SNR-EMD are verified by comparison studies with wavelet packet transform (WPT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). Finally, a case study of leakage identification shows that SNR-EMD can improve the performance of leakage identification and reduce the possibility of false alarms, which makes much easier and further effective to distinguish the leakage mode from other modes after removing noise from pressure signal.     

末制导炮弹修理元件寿命试验方法研究

从确保修理的经济性、修后的储存寿命角度考虑,确定了需要开展寿命试验的末制导炮弹元件。在此基础上,提出了末制导炮弹不可重复测试元件和可重复测试元件寿命试验方法;综合权衡试验费用和试验精度,给出了修理元件寿命试验的有关建议。