Assessment of natural components of PM10 at UK urban and rural sites

Proposals from the European Commission have raised the possibility that Member States may be able to subtract the concentrations of natural components of airborne particulate matter from measured concentrations when evaluating compliance with EU Limit Values. By applying the pragmatic mass closure model [Harrison et al., 2003. A pragmatic mass closure model for airborne particulate matter at urban background and roadside sites. Atmospheric Environment 37, 4927–4933] to chemical composition data for PM₁₀, it has been possible to estimate the concentrations of natural sea salt, strongly bound water and secondary organic carbon (which is assumed wholly biogenic) to the measured mass of PM₁₀. Because of the difficulty in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic crustal dusts, the contribution of natural windblown dust and soil has not been accounted for. When the natural components are estimated for two urban and one rural site in the UK, the long-term mean PM₁₀ concentration is reduced by between 5.2 and 7.3 μg m⁻³. The number of exceedences of the 50 μg m⁻³ 24-h limit value falls dramatically from 54 to 21 (from a total of 291 days) at an urban street canyon site, 7 to 3 (n=292 days) at an urban background site and from 8 to 0 (n=241 days) at a rural site when using gravimetric PM₁₀ concentrations. The calculations have also been performed using PM₁₀ concentrations measured by TEOM increased by a factor of 1.3 as recommended by the European Commission as an interim means of estimating gravimetric equivalency, and the number of exceedences of the 24-h limit value fell from 92 to 47 (from a total of 291 days) at the urban street canyon site, from 11 to 3 (n=292 days) at the urban background site and from 6 to 3 (n=241) at the rural site. Clearly, therefore, application of this proposed measure would make a very major difference to the likelihood of compliance or otherwise with the 24-h limit value for PM₁₀.     

土壤水溶性有机碳的研究进展

综述了土壤中水溶性有机碳的组成和来源，水溶性有机碳的含量及其影响因素，水溶性有机碳对土壤中一些无机离子的吸附以及对农药、重金属在土壤中迁移的影响等，并提出有待于进一步研究的一些问题。     

植物挥发性气体与人类的健康安全

植物挥发性气体产生的原因主要是由于植物与自然的协同进化而产生的。一方面，植物挥发性气体的产生受昆虫、微生物、人类的干扰的影响；另一方面，植物的挥发性气体能对昆虫、微生物起到抑制作用，减少自身受伤害。目前国内外对植物挥发性气体的研究多从植物与昆虫、微生物的关系来进行，并形成了以化感作用研究为核心的化学生态学；而植物挥发性气体对人类的负面影响，特别是对人体健康安全的研究很少。文章结合作者的初步研究结果，综述植物的挥发性物质的产生原因、主要成份和对环境与生物的影响，特别是对人体健康安全的负面效应，为进一步研究植物挥发性气体和评价它们对人体健康安全的效应提供依据。     

Spatial error propagation when computing linear combinations of spectral bands: The case of vegetation indices

The collection of accurate and timely information on land use, crops, forest and vegetation are increasingly based on remote sensing spectral measurements produced by satellites. The most recent spacecrafts like the Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) produce a rich source of information being endowed with hyperspectral sensors that can provide up to 200 or more channels. In many instances such a multivariate signal has to be reduced to just one single value per pixel representing a particular characteristic of land. Linear combinations of bands are the general form of many indices. Since each individual image used to construct indices contains errors, when combined they produce a propagation of errors, a process that can distort a final output map. In this paper we measure the extent of error propagation when building linear vegetation indices. We consider three types of indices: the difference vegetation index (DVI), selected Kauth-Thomas indices (SBI, GVI and WET), and principal components, using benchmarking examples taken from the remote sensing literature. The main implication emerging from these examples is that the SBI and the first principal component are the indices more prone to error propagation. The formalization presented here allows a user to derive measures of error propagation in cases where technical characteristics of a sensor and physical characteristics of a landscape are known. These results can help a user to choose between alternative vegetation indices, and to associate a measure of reliability with such indices.     

高压水射流超细粉碎的压力与粒度的关系

从理论分析和实验研究两方面，对高压水射流超细粉碎压力与粒度的定量关系进行了研究。根据流体力学理论，推导出粉体颗粒的动能与射流压力成正比；再由Ｒｉｔｔｉｎｇｅｒ的“表面积假说”，得出高压水射流超细粉碎的压力与产品调和平均粒度倒数和给料调和平均粒度倒数之差成正比；并在不同压力和给料粒度下，用水射流对云母粉进行了超细粉碎实验。实验结果与理论结果相当吻合。     

火灾场景中细水雾幕对玻璃保护效果实验研究

在火灾环境中,玻璃极易受到过量热流的影响而发生破裂,从而增加火灾房间的通风,导致火势急剧增长,甚至跨区域蔓延。研究防止玻璃在火灾条件下破裂与脱落技术手段对火灾防控具有重要意义。基于此,提出了一种采用细水雾幕阻隔火焰热辐射保护玻璃的方法。实验通过改变细水雾幕工作压力及其在火灾不同阶段的启动,并与传统水膜法进行对比,研究各工况下的保护效果。结果发现火源与保护装置同时启动,细水雾幕与水膜都可以将玻璃首次破裂时间延长。流量为0.38 L/min时,在细水雾幕保护下玻璃首次破裂时间比水膜保护下延长361 s。细水雾幕工作压力越大,保护效果越好,但当压力超过1.0 MPa持续提高细水雾幕压力,保护效果变化不明显。当延迟到玻璃表面温度达到90℃时,启动这两种保护装置,细水雾幕对窗玻璃保护效果不受影响,但水膜法玻璃首次破裂时间会缩短。     

粤东北地区秋季PM_(2.5)组分模拟与来源分析

珠三角是广东省传统的空气污染区,但随着全省实施空气质量新标准,发现粤东北地区空气污染也比较严重。通过对梅州PM_(2.5)浓度及组分的模拟与分析,发现秋季粤东北部PM_(2.5)中硫酸盐占比达17%,而铵盐与硝酸盐分别占7%和4%。元素碳(EC)占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的4%,一次有机气溶胶(POA)占13%,二次有机气溶胶(SOA)占比仅为2%,而其他物种则占了53%。梅州的二次污染并不严重,各组分占PM_(2.5)质量分数日际波动不明显。秋季粤东北PM_(2.5)主要由本地排放贡献,大部分时候本地排放贡献大于80%,广东省其他城市的贡献接近0,而外省的贡献一般低于20%,个别时候可接近30%,要减轻粤东北部的污染应主要以控制本地一次细颗粒物的排放为主。     

添加石灰对污泥恶臭挥发的影响

探索了污泥添加石灰后在常温及热干燥下恶臭的挥发特性。结果表明:污泥的VOCs中含有25种化合物,SVOC含有14种化合物,绝大部分是恶臭化合物。在污泥中添加10%的生石灰高效混合后,污泥中还原性硫化物的浓度持续升高,NH3释放速率也急剧上升,但CO2和ATP急剧下降,300℃下干燥,原泥共挥发出32种恶臭物质,添加石灰后共挥发出36种恶臭物质,25种恶臭物质浓度均有增加,添加石灰对污泥的致臭集团没有改变。导致恶臭增加的主要原因是产生的碱性环境促进了污泥氮的氨化过程,也促进了污泥中不稳定的含硫化合物挥发。     

发控盒散热设计的热仿真及热测试分析

目的对某发射装置发控盒进行散热设计和热分析。方法基于热仿真软件FLOTHERM建立热仿真模型,对该设备进热仿真分析,以得到该设备内部温度分布云图及温升明显元器件的温度值,然后对该设备进行热测试。结果热仿真和热测试结果表明,发控盒内存在发热大、温升较高的元器件,但所有元器件温度均在允许的正常工作温度范围内。结论通过热分析可知,该设备的热设计基本满足要求,并为结构设计的优化提供了依据。     

环渤海滨海湿地土壤磷形态特征研究

利用SMT分级方法和液相31P核磁共振分析方法,研究了环渤海典型滨海湿地表层土壤磷形态.结果发现,湿地土壤中总磷在410.35~691.57 mg·kg-1之间,其中以HCl-P为主,占总磷的46.67%~82.95%;较易释放的Na OH-P含量较少,占4.98%~22.31%;同时,由于有机质含量丰富,有机磷含量也较高,在受水产养殖污染的湿地中,有机磷含量明显偏高.使用31P-NMR技术在湿地土壤中共检测到6类磷化合物:正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷脂(Lipid-P)、DNA磷(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P)及膦酸盐(Phon-P),其中以正磷酸盐为主,含量在181.69~350.64 mg·kg-1之间;磷酸单酯为有机磷的主要组分,占总量的5.25%~37.17%.渤海湾南部湿地土壤中有机磷含量明显高于北部湿地,以稳定性较高的磷酸单酯为主,同时,DNA磷较多地存在于南部湿地,北部湿地含量极少,说明南部湿地微生物活性较高.