A simple design method of dust explosion venting size at elevated static activation pressure

To develop the application of explosion venting technology in high-pressure vessels, a new model for the design of dust explosion venting size was presented, which took the physicochemical phenomenon deriving from the elevation of the static activation pressure into account. Firstly, for confined pressure rise, the wall quenching effect originating from the dust flame thickness was considered by adopting the three-zone model. Secondly, for the venting pressure rise, the energy loss due to the discharge of high-energy burnt mixture (quantified as the specific surface area loss of the flame) was taken into account and the induced turbulence factor was introduced. Thirdly, for the venting pressure drop, a dynamic pressure relief capability evaluation model which takes into account the flame morphology evolution (tear-shaped flame) and the proportion of discharged mixture (relative volume ratio) at elevated activation pressure was proposed. The predicted maximum reduced pressure and venting size were checked against the PMMA explosion experiments and a more great performance was obtained compared with standards.     

环渤海滨海湿地土壤磷形态特征研究

利用SMT分级方法和液相31P核磁共振分析方法,研究了环渤海典型滨海湿地表层土壤磷形态.结果发现,湿地土壤中总磷在410.35~691.57 mg·kg-1之间,其中以HCl-P为主,占总磷的46.67%~82.95%;较易释放的Na OH-P含量较少,占4.98%~22.31%;同时,由于有机质含量丰富,有机磷含量也较高,在受水产养殖污染的湿地中,有机磷含量明显偏高.使用31P-NMR技术在湿地土壤中共检测到6类磷化合物:正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷脂(Lipid-P)、DNA磷(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P)及膦酸盐(Phon-P),其中以正磷酸盐为主,含量在181.69~350.64 mg·kg-1之间;磷酸单酯为有机磷的主要组分,占总量的5.25%~37.17%.渤海湾南部湿地土壤中有机磷含量明显高于北部湿地,以稳定性较高的磷酸单酯为主,同时,DNA磷较多地存在于南部湿地,北部湿地含量极少,说明南部湿地微生物活性较高.     

电子部件失效模式试验与仿真研究

目的研究焊点在热应力下的等效应力和等效蠕性应变。方法通过测定某子弹电子部件的工作极限温度、破坏极限温度,利用阶梯变化的温度来验证电子部件的极限适应温度,找出电子部件的主要失效模式。通过有限元仿真来模拟热载荷作用下焊点的应力应变行为。结果应用Garofalo模型仿真得出的蠕变效应与实际试验结果基本相近。结论通过仿真方法与试验结果相对比,证明使用Garofalo模型来研究电子部件焊点的蠕变效应是可行的。     

北京市典型道路扬尘化学组分特征及年际变化

选择北京市具有代表性道路,于2004年9月和2013年5月进行采样,利用再悬浮设备制备道路扬尘PM₁₀与PM_2.5样品,并进行化学组分分析,建立了2004年和2013年北京市道路扬尘PM₁₀与PM_2.5源成分谱,以分析和探讨北京市道路扬尘化学组分特征及其组分年际变化.结果表明,北京市道路扬尘PM₁₀与PM_2.5源成分谱中的化学组分特征均为Ca、Si、有机碳（organic carbon,OC）、Al、Fe、K、Mg、SO₄^2-和元素碳（element carbon,EC）,其在道路扬尘中的含量之和分别为：2004年PM₁₀为46.7303%、PM_2.5为56.9198%和2013年PM_2.5为38.7478%;占全部被测组分的比例分别为95.9%、94.3%和94.7%.2004年道路扬尘中,环路Si、Al的含量显著低于其他道路类型,受到的土壤风沙尘影响最小;建筑水泥尘特征元素Ca主干道含量最高,高速五环进京口含量最低;EC在高速五环进京口的含量显著高于其他道路类型.而2013年PM_2.5中被测组分总含量及Si、Al、Ca的含量次干道均显著低于其他道路类型.2013年与2004年相比,北京市道路扬尘PM_2.5中除SO₄^2-含量略上升了2.0%外,其余组分含量下降显著,Ca、Si、OC、Al、Fe、K、EC和NO₃^-下降幅度分别为45.1%、31.5%、17.5%、20.3%、55.6%、33.3%、30.0%和50.3%.结果表明,［NO₃^-］/［SO₄^2-］比值不能准确反映固定源和移动源相对贡献大小的变化.［OC］/［EC］比值,2004年PM₁₀为9.77±3.88,PM_2.5为9.36±3.25,2013年PM_2.5为14.41±10.41,北京市道路扬尘存在二次有机碳（secondary organic carbon,SOC）,且SOC是道路扬尘PM₁₀与PM_2.5的重要组成部分.不同城市道路扬尘及同一城市不同粒径的道路扬尘成分谱相似度不高,应建立相应的成分谱并适时更新.     

Conceptual design of pressure relief systems

Conceptual design of pressure relief systems is an important stage in the design of a safe process plant. The conceptual design stage consists of the following steps: deciding on the location of pressure relief devices, selecting the general type of pressure relief device for each identified location, i.e. safety valve and/or bursting disc (rupture disc), or other relief device, and selecting the special features for the chosen device type. Some regulations, codes and standards, and a decision tree for the selection of a relief device have been described in the literature. This paper presents four decision trees that have been developed for the different steps in the conceptual design stage. Only positive pressure in pressure vessels is considered here.     

压力管道施工、检验和使用管理环节的探讨

本文以压力管道相关规范和日常工作实际为基础,对压力管道定义进行剖析,着重从使用单位角度上讨论了压力管道施工、检验和使用管理环节需要了解和注意的问题.通过本文对压力管道各管理环节的阐述,表明了压力管道管理的重要性,它需要各岗位人员意识到压力管道管理方面所承担的责任,需要各部门各岗位通力合作,通过过程管理实现本质安全.     

粤东北地区秋季PM_(2.5)组分模拟与来源分析

珠三角是广东省传统的空气污染区,但随着全省实施空气质量新标准,发现粤东北地区空气污染也比较严重。通过对梅州PM_(2.5)浓度及组分的模拟与分析,发现秋季粤东北部PM_(2.5)中硫酸盐占比达17%,而铵盐与硝酸盐分别占7%和4%。元素碳(EC)占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的4%,一次有机气溶胶(POA)占13%,二次有机气溶胶(SOA)占比仅为2%,而其他物种则占了53%。梅州的二次污染并不严重,各组分占PM_(2.5)质量分数日际波动不明显。秋季粤东北PM_(2.5)主要由本地排放贡献,大部分时候本地排放贡献大于80%,广东省其他城市的贡献接近0,而外省的贡献一般低于20%,个别时候可接近30%,要减轻粤东北部的污染应主要以控制本地一次细颗粒物的排放为主。     

添加石灰对污泥恶臭挥发的影响

探索了污泥添加石灰后在常温及热干燥下恶臭的挥发特性。结果表明:污泥的VOCs中含有25种化合物,SVOC含有14种化合物,绝大部分是恶臭化合物。在污泥中添加10%的生石灰高效混合后,污泥中还原性硫化物的浓度持续升高,NH3释放速率也急剧上升,但CO2和ATP急剧下降,300℃下干燥,原泥共挥发出32种恶臭物质,添加石灰后共挥发出36种恶臭物质,25种恶臭物质浓度均有增加,添加石灰对污泥的致臭集团没有改变。导致恶臭增加的主要原因是产生的碱性环境促进了污泥氮的氨化过程,也促进了污泥中不稳定的含硫化合物挥发。     

Pressure and temperature increase of LPG in a thermally coated pressure vessel exposed to fire: Experimental and model results

Damage caused by incidents with transport tanks with compressed liquified gas is amongst the most extreme that can be encountered with transport vessels. This is particularly the case with the Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE), which may occur if such a tank is exposed to fire for a prolonged period. Therefore, the local Dutch LPG transport sector adopted a thermally insulating tank coating as a ‘standard outfit’ for their tank trailers, with the aim to delay a BLEVE for a sufficiently long period for emergency services to take appropriate measures and for people near the accident location to be evacuated. On a European scale however, no consensus has been reached on the cost-benefit of such measures.With the current drive towards “greener” and renewable energy sources, this issue has regained attention with alternative fuels such as LNG, CNG and Hydrogen and a need was felt for (better) theoretical models and experimental data concerning the behavior of transport tanks carrying these substances.In this paper a new tank thermal (equilibrium) model is described to predict pressure and temperature behavior of a multi layered, thermally insulated tank containing a compressed liquified gas exposed to heat. Results are compared with data of three bonfire experiments, in which 3 m³ tanks, filled for ca. 50% with LPG were exposed to fire. A good match between modelled and experimental pressure and temperature evolution in time could be obtained using a constant value for the thermal conductivity of the insulation layer. The modelling showed that the thermal insulation value is crucial for an accurate prediction of these parameters as well as the opening time for a pressure safety valve. As relevant temperatures may cover a very wide range (from cryogenic in LNG-tanks to over 1000 °C in a fire) knowledge of the thermal (and physical) behavior of the insulating layer over a large temperature range is essential.The same holds for the behavior of the PRV when subjected to fire. Extreme temperatures may also lead to deviating behavior from what is expected based on the initial settings.     

火灾场景中细水雾幕对玻璃保护效果实验研究

在火灾环境中,玻璃极易受到过量热流的影响而发生破裂,从而增加火灾房间的通风,导致火势急剧增长,甚至跨区域蔓延。研究防止玻璃在火灾条件下破裂与脱落技术手段对火灾防控具有重要意义。基于此,提出了一种采用细水雾幕阻隔火焰热辐射保护玻璃的方法。实验通过改变细水雾幕工作压力及其在火灾不同阶段的启动,并与传统水膜法进行对比,研究各工况下的保护效果。结果发现火源与保护装置同时启动,细水雾幕与水膜都可以将玻璃首次破裂时间延长。流量为0.38 L/min时,在细水雾幕保护下玻璃首次破裂时间比水膜保护下延长361 s。细水雾幕工作压力越大,保护效果越好,但当压力超过1.0 MPa持续提高细水雾幕压力,保护效果变化不明显。当延迟到玻璃表面温度达到90℃时,启动这两种保护装置,细水雾幕对窗玻璃保护效果不受影响,但水膜法玻璃首次破裂时间会缩短。