郑州市典型工业企业VOCs排放特征及风险评估

为了解郑州市不同行业企业挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染特征及潜在危害,通过Summa罐和气袋采集样品,之后采用GC-MS/FID对样品进行测定分析.结果表明:郑州市包装印刷企业排放VOCs组分主要为含氧VOCs(OVOCs),包括乙酸乙酯和异丙醇,占比93.1%以上;汽车制造、家具制造和涂料生产企业VOCs组分主要为芳香烃,占比为33.5%～90.0%,以间/对-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯和乙苯为主;食品加工企业VOCs中卤代烃占比较高,为52.3%;橡胶企业VOCs主要为卤代烃和烷烃,占比分别为25.5%和28.8%;石墨碳素企业VOCs主要为芳香烃和OVOCs,占比分别为28.5%和24.1%.对比以往研究发现,郑州市与其他城市溶剂使用企业VOCs排放特征较为类似,但由于生产工艺及原辅料使用不同,相同行业企业中不同环节VOCs组分存在差异.风险评估结果显示,各企业排放的VOCs组分对臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和危害指数(HI)贡献具有一定正关联性,尤其苯、甲苯、乙苯及二甲苯等C_6～C_8芳香烃对OFP和HI贡献较大.汽车制造企业3号和家具企业5号HI值分别为1.18和2.74,均高于EPA规定限值,主要与该企业生产过程中使用溶剂型原辅料有关,且排放的主要以芳香烃为主,尤其苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯和三甲基苯等C_6～C_9苯系物对HI和OFP的贡献较高,今后需重点管控溶剂型企业VOCs的排放.     

Effect of ignition position on vented hydrogen–air deflagration in a 1 m3 vessel

This study investigates the effect of the ignition position on vented hydrogen-air deflagration in a 1 m³ vessel and evaluates the performance of the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLACS in simulating the vented explosion of hydrogen-air mixtures. First, the differences in the measured pressure-time histories for various ignition locations are presented, and the mechanisms responsible for the generation of different pressure peaks are explained, along with the flame behavior. Secondly, the CFD software FLACS is assessed against the experimental data. The characteristic phenomena of vented explosion are observed for hydrogen-air mixtures ignited at different ignition positions, such as Helmholtz oscillation for front ignition, the interaction between external explosion and combustion inside the vessel for central ignition, and the wall effect for back-wall ignition. Flame-acoustic interaction are observed in all cases, particularly in those of front ignition and very lean hydrogen-air mixtures. The predicted flame behavior agree well with the experimental data in general while the simulated maximum overpressures are larger than the experimental values by a factor of 1.5–2, which is conservative then would lead to a safe design of explosion panels for instance. Not only the flame development during the deflagration was well-simulated for the different ignition locations, but also the correspondence between the pressure transients and flame behavior was also accurately calculated. The comparison of the predicted results with the experimental data shows the performance of FLACS to model vented mixtures of hydrogen with air ignited in a lab scale vessel. However, the experimental scale is often smaller than that used in practical scenarios, such as hydrogen refueling installations. Thus, future large-scale experiments are necessary to assess the performance of FLACS in practical use.     

基于模糊聚类的PM_(2.5)拟合组分选择模型的研究

提出了一种新的PM2.5源成分谱拟合组分选择模型,在充分考虑拟合过程的物理意义的基础上,采用聚类正确率作为组分选择的依据.实验验证,该模型能够准确获取较好的拟合主组分,相比与经验选或者手动盲选所得拟合结果,我们提出的模型将成功拟合(误差范围在0~0.05之间)的比例由40%提升到83%.     

Interpretation of black sea sediments analytical data by the clustering approach

Analytical data consisting of chemical concentration of 11 inorganic components in 20 sampling stations from sediments collected from south‐western part of the Black Sea are treated by cluster analysis. The clustering reflects quite satisfactorily the relations between sampling zones and between chemical elements revealing new chemical and geochemical information.     

Microalgae cultured by sewage and organic constituents

The microalgae could be multiplied by supplying only sewage influent or effluent without any additional microalgal stock or nutrient salt. In a semicontinuous culture, the N:P weight ratios consumed were 14:1 and 18:1 for the sewage influent and effluent, respectively. The total cell number and green algae ratio of microalgae cultivated by semicontinuous culture exceeded those of batch culture. No cyanobacterial cells were observed in the semicontinuous culture using the sewage effluent. The organic components in the cultured microalgae using sewage effluent, eluted by n-hexane, were determined. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acid exceeded that of saturated fatty acid, which was possibly attributable to the fluidity of the cell membrane. The squalene was also obtained by the culture using sewage alone, free of any external stock or nutrient salt. The higher heating value of the microalgae of semicontinuous culture using the sewage influent was 25 MJ kg⁻¹, corresponding to the heating value of lignite and showing the potential of the sewage culture microalgae as a means of power generation and combustion aid.     

典型云南高原湖泊叶绿素a与影响因子的定量关系及对比分析

湖泊富营养化的影响因子涉及水文、物化、生物等多方面,具有复合性和非线性特征,定量化其与影响因素间的相关关系有助于识别影响湖泊营养状态的关键因子,可以用较低的成本、较短的时间达到理想的控制效果.云南高原湖泊具有易发生富营养化的自然和气候特征,对其富营养化发生条件及影响因子的分析可为科学的控制决策提供参考.本文选取云南滇池、程海、抚仙湖和异龙湖4个高原湖泊,比较湖泊自然特征与流域社会经济条件的异同;构建包括绝对主成分多元线性回归分析(APCS-MLR)、结构方程模型(SEM)及人工神经网络模型(ANN)的综合分析方法,重点关注并确定浮游初级生产力的代表指标(叶绿素a,Chla)与相关影响因子间的定量相关关系.研究发现:14个湖泊中,对Chla浓度变化影响最大的均为理化因子,但在各湖中该影响的正、负性及不同理化因子的贡献权重有较大差异;2流域污染源构成的不同在一定程度上影响了入湖的氮、磷负荷,使4个湖泊表现出不同的营养盐限制性特征;3流域面积、湖泊形态及湖体水动力条件影响着营养盐在湖体中的迁移转换,造成4个湖泊富营养化的差异性特征;4对Chla与影响因子间因果关联的识别须结合深入的机理过程分析.     

Dynamic response and effect of apertures on explosion parameters of flameproof apparatus

Explosion parameters for closed flameproof apparatus are changed when apertures like gap (e.g. push button) and porous structures (breathing element) are introduced on the cover or wall of the flameproof enclosures. Similarly, an interconnecting tube between two enclosures, results in significant change in explosion parameters. It is observed that the maximum explosion pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise and severity index are higher for enclosures with apertures on cover or body than that of enclosures without apertures. In case of two interconnected identical enclosures, the explosion parameters are increased in the secondary enclosure and higher than that of primary enclosure and also of isolated enclosure.     

Propagation of ethylene–air flames in closed cylindrical vessels with asymmetrical ignition

A study of explosions in several elongated cylindrical vessels with length to diameter L/D = 2.4–20.7 and ignition at vessel's bottom is reported. Ethylene–air mixtures with variable concentration between 3.0 and 10.0 vol% and pressures between 0.30 and 1.80 bara were experimentally investigated at ambient initial temperature. For the whole range of ethylene concentration, several characteristic stages of flame propagation were observed. The height and rate of pressure rise in these stages were found to depend on ethylene concentration, on volume and asymmetry ratio L/D of each vessel. High rates of pressure rise were found in the early stage; in later stages lower rates of pressure rise were observed due to the increase of heat losses. The peak explosion pressures and the maximum rates of pressure rise differ strongly from those measured in centrally ignited explosions, in all examined vessels. In elongated vessels, smooth p(t) records have been obtained for the explosions of lean C₂H₄–air mixtures. In stoichiometric and rich mixtures, pressure oscillations appear even at initial pressures below ambient, resulting in significant overpressures as compared to compact vessels. In the stoichiometric mixture, the frequency of the oscillations was close to the fundamental characteristic frequency of the tube.     

An executive review of sludge pretreatment by sonication

Ultrasonication (US), which creates hydro-mechanical shear forces in cavitation, is an advanced technology in sludge pretreatment. However, there are many factors affecting the efficacy of cavitation and ultrasonication disintegration of sludge as a consequence. The objective of this work is to present an extensive review of evaluation approaches of sludge US pretreatment efficiency. Besides, optimization methodologies of related parameters, the differences of optimum values and the similarities of affecting trends on cavitation and sludge pretreatment efficiency were specifically pointed out, including ambient conditions, ultrasonic properties, and sludge characteristics. The research is a prerequisite for optimization of sludge US pretreatment efficiency in lab-scale and practical application. There is not-yet a comprehensive method to evaluate the efficiency of sludge US pretreatment, but some main parameters commonly used for this purpose are degree of sludge disintegration, proteins, particle size reduction, etc. Regarding US parameters, power input P_US, intensity I_US, and frequency F_S seem to have significant effects. However, the magnitude of the effect of P_US and probe size in terms of I_US has not been clearly detailed. Investigating very low F_S seems interesting but has not yet been taken into consideration. In addition, static pressure effect has been marginally studied only and investigation on the effect of pH prior to US process has been restricted. Their effects therefore should be varied separately and simultaneously with other related parameters, i.e. process conditions, ultrasonic properties, and sludge characteristics, to optimize sludge US pretreatment process.     

Chemical characterization of size-resolved aerosols in four seasons and hazy days in the megacity Beijing of China

Size-resolved aerosol samples were collected by MOUDI in four seasons in 2007 in Beijing. The PM10 and PM1.8mass concentrations were 166.0 ± 120.5 and 91.6 ± 69.7 μg/m~3, respectively,throughout the measurement, with seasonal variation: nearly two times higher in autumn than in summer and spring. Serious fine particle pollution occurred in winter with the PM1.8/PM10 ratio of 0.63, which was higher than other seasons. The size distribution of PM showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variation, with a smaller fine mode peak in spring and in the daytime. OM(organic matter = 1.6 × OC(organic carbon)) and SIA(secondary inorganic aerosol) were major components of fine particles, while OM, SIA and Ca_2+were major components in coarse particles. Moreover, secondary components, mainly SOA(secondary organic aerosol) and SIA,accounted for 46%–96% of each size bin in fine particles, which meant that secondary pollution existed all year. Sulfates and nitrates, primarily in the form of(NH_4)_2SO_4, NH_4NO_3, Ca SO_4, Na_2SO_4 and K_2SO_4, calculated by the model ISORROPIA II, were major components of the solid phase in fine particles. The PM concentration and size distribution were similar in the four seasons on non-haze days, while large differences occurred on haze days, which indicated seasonal variation of PM concentration and size distribution were dominated by haze days. The SIA concentrations and fractions of nearly all size bins were higher on haze days than on non-haze days, which was attributed to heterogeneous aqueous reactions on haze days in the four seasons.