一起高压除氧器爆炸事故原因分析

除氧器是火力发电厂给水回热系统中的一个混合式加热器,它的作用是除去锅炉给水中的氧气和其它不凝结气体,以保证锅炉给水的品质,除氧器的安全运行是发电厂安全运行的有效保证。本文对火力发电厂一台20万千瓦机组在正常运行时除氧器突然发生爆炸事故进行分析,找出事故原因提出预防事故的措施。     

过氧丙酸分解反应的失控泄放特性研究

为研究过氧丙酸分解反应的失控泄放特性,利用泄放模式实验装置对过氧丙酸在不同泄放口径和泄放压力下的顶部和底部的泄放过程进行了试验模拟,得到了过氧丙酸的失控特性参数和不同条件下的泄放特征。结果表明:过氧丙酸失控反应泄放易出现二次峰值现象,初次峰值为气相泄放,二次峰值为气液两相泄放;二次峰值的出现取决于泄放口径及泄放时的物料温度,与泄放压力无关;恒压泄放容易出现非平衡泄放,导致较高最大累积压力和较高的釜内物料温度;底部泄放能够使釜内物料快速排空。     

试论国家救灾资金的精准风险控制方法

传统救灾资金风险控制方法存在控制精准度较低的问题,为了解决这一问题该文提出基于多因素分析的救灾资金精准风险控制方法。首先通过对自然灾害区域的经济损失率进行计算,确定该受灾区域的经济损失情况;引入模糊集运算方法,计算出救灾资金分配的上下限值,实现救灾资金的精准分配。然后通过熵权法对救灾资金的风险进行预测,如果救灾资金的风险过高,则运用最小二乘法对预测矩阵进行修正,以降低救灾资金的风险。最后以地震规模预测和救灾资金分配的准确性为对比指标,通过实验验证本文方法的有效性。     

Evolution of unsaturated hydraulic properties of municipal solid waste with landfill depth and age

Successful modeling of liquid and air flow and hence designing of liquid and air addition systems in the landfills are constrained by the lack of key parameters of unsaturated hydraulic properties of municipal solid waste (MSW), which are strongly dependent on the depth of burial and the degree of decomposition. In this study, water retention curves (WRC) of MSW are measured using pressure plate method on samples repacked according to the in situ unit weight measured during borehole sampling, representing the MSW in shallow, middle, and deep layers. The measured WRC of MSW is well-reproduced by the van Genuchten-Mualem model, and is used to predict the unsaturated hydraulic properties of MSW, including water retention characteristics and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. The estimated model parameters are consistent with other studies, suggesting that the pressure plate method yields reproducible results. As the landfill depth and age increase, the overburden pressure, the highly decomposed organic matter and finer pore space increase, hence the capillary pressure increases, causing increases in air-entry values, field capacity and residual water content, and decreases in steepness of WRC and saturated water content. The unsaturated hydraulic properties of MSW undergo changes with landfill depth and age, showing more silt loam-like properties as the landfill age increases.     

Nutritional response to the 1998 Bangladesh flood disaster: Sphere minimum standards in disaster response

In this study we use a cross-sectional survey to evaluate the nutritional response to the 1998 Bangladesh Flood Disaster by 15 relief agencies using standards developed by the Sphere Project. The Sphere Project is a recent attempt by agencies around the world to establish universal minimum standards for the purpose of ensuring quality and accountability in disaster response. The main outcomes measured were resources allocated to disaster relief types of relief activities and percentage of agencies meeting selected Sphere food aid and nutrition indicators. Although the process of nutritional response was measured, specific nutritional and health outcomes were not assessed. This review found that self-reported disaster and nutritional resources varied widely between implementing agencies, ranging from US $58,947 to $15,908,712. The percentage of resources these agencies allocated to food aid and nutritional response also varied, ranging from approximately 6 to 99 per cent of total resources. Agencies met between 8 and 83 per cent of the specific Sphere indicators which were assessed Areas in which performance was poor included preliminary nutritional analysis; beneficiary participation and feedback; disaster preparedness during non-emergency times; monitoring of local markets and impact assessment. Agencies were generally successful in areas of core humanitarian response, such as targeting the vulnerable (83 per cent) and monitoring and evaluating the process of disaster response (75 per cent). The results here identify both strengths and gaps in the quality of humanitarian response in developing nations such as Bangladesh. However, they also raise the question of implementing a rights-based approach to disaster response in nations without a commitment to meeting positive human rights in non-disaster times.     

金属压力容器声发射源特性的研究

通过对多台报废压力容器进行超压试验的声发射检测和对 5 0 0多台压力容器现场声发射检验数据的分析 ,给出了现场压力容器检验可能遇到的多种声发射源的特性。这些声发射源包括裂纹、夹渣、未熔合、未焊透等焊接缺陷的开裂和增长、残余应力释放、氧化皮的剥落、结构摩擦、泄漏、风吹、雨滴撞击和电子噪音等。笔者对这些声发射源的定位、分布和关联特性分别进行了分析与研究 ,并列举了大量的实例。     

日本新澙中越地震简况及抗震救灾的经验教训

介绍了2004年日本新瀉中越地震及其余震的概况、震源机制和地震发生的特点,描述了普通民宅、大型公共设施、生命线工程和农林畜牧业的震害情况及震后日本政府的紧急救援措施,初步总结了抗震救灾工作的经验和教训,为我国今后这方面的工作提供参考.     

地震应急中的问题及启示——以南黄海6.1级地震为例

从总结南黄海６．１级地震应急处置中的问题入手，结合一些大地震应急中的教训，提出了对人口稠密、经济发达地区的应急对策     

江苏震后救灾宣传中值得引以为鉴的几个问题——以常熟地震为例

震后救灾宣传尤其是有关震情的宣传报道与社会的稳定关系极大。本文以常熟地震为例，通过对该次地震救灾宣传中出现的一些问题的剖析，提出了今后江苏救灾宣传中应注意把握好宣传的政策性、快速性、组织性、协调性、真实性、针对性及二重性问题     

地震救灾路径优化预设计方法

在紧急地震救灾期往往来不及优选通往现场的最短路径，由于地震破坏城市的交通系统，改变其可通行性，震前又不能按照静态的最短路算法进行设计。因此，本文在进行路径可通行性破坏概率预测与控制的基础上，给出了为重点救灾目标设计最佳安全度最短路径的图与网络算法