反应性液体紧急泄放面积设计进展

为防止反应失控造成爆炸事故,减少事故损失,在介绍模拟反应失控的实验装置ARC、VSP以及RSST等的基础上,针对不同的紧急泄放类型,如气相系统、蒸气系统和混合系统的紧急泄放研究进展,进行了分析论述,旨在发现解决反应失控紧急泄放问题的更好方法,从而为进一步研究反应失控的紧急泄放问题打下基础.     

承压类特种设备受压元件壁厚测定问题的探讨

壁厚是承压类特种设备结构的主要参数.针对几例因受压元件壁厚未测定所留下的安全隐患,本文对承压类特种设备壁厚测定的必要性进行分析探讨,并分别就锅炉、压力容器和压力管道在相应法规标准中对壁厚测定的要求和对监检机构的要求提出了建议.     

The United Nations' humanitarian pillar: refocusing the UN's disaster and emergency roles and responsibilities

Changes in the nature of humanitarian crises and in the ways that the international community responds to such crises demand a radically overhauled role for the United Nations system. At a time when the UN and its member states are pursuing reform of some of that institution's most fundamental peace and security functions, this paper suggests that reform, too, is required to meet humanitarian crises of the future. This paper proposes a new type of operational role for the UN, while at the same time arguing that the UN has to place itself in the vanguard of humanitarian assistance as "the standard-bearer". The article draws many of its conclusions and recommendations from a recently completed study, requested by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, concerning the effect for the UN system of changes in humanitarian financing.     

反倾销、反补贴与保障措施之比较分析

近年,全球反倾销与反补贴调查案件逐年下降,而WTO争端解决机构受理的因成员国使用保障措施而引发的争议案件日益上升。近年,中国产品出口迅猛增长的同时,贸易摩擦频发;大量进口的同时也可能使国内某些产业受到损害,引起不良连锁反应。国家经济安全警钟长鸣。笔者对反倾销、反补贴以及保障措施全球实施情况进行数据分析,对《反倾销协议》、《补贴与反补贴措施协议》和《保障措施协议》3种措施从多方面进行了比较并用表格加以简要归纳,进而提出:近年不断增加的保障措施实施案例表明保障措施作为多边贸易体制的“安全阀”将被更多地采用。过去,中国很少采用保障措施,而《入世议定书》的“特保措施”使得他国能够对华采取歧视性的保障措施,因此,充分利用“发展中成员方”的优惠条件,充分了解、学会正确使用保障措施是当务之急。作为进口方,不能将保障措施作为万能膏药随意滥用,应合理使用保障措施、选择合理的保护部门。作为出口方,应提高产品技术含量,关注最新变化,适时改变出口策略,适度控制出口数量,实现出口产品的有序增长,“走出去”进行跨国经营以绕开它国壁垒。     

Making humanitarian relief networks more effective: operational coordination, trust and sense making

Effective coordination of humanitarian assistance activities remains elusive. This paper briefly addresses some of the reasons for what is widely perceived as a coordination dilemma in humanitarian affairs and argues for a new conceptualisation of the issue. Rather than continue to request that more authority be vested in a single organisation to secure coordination through top-down control, it contends that it may be timely to consider whether relief agencies involved in an emergency should be reconceived as social networks and efforts made to achieve changes in their organizational cultures that encourage operational coordination across institutional lines. Since such labours imply the need to trust, this article explores what forms of trust might be employed to promote improved coordination among relief institutions and how those relationships could themselves be conceptualised. Finally, while acknowledging that coordination is not costless, it suggests that its effective pursuit may be advantageous even in scenarios where aid organisations balk at cooperating to secure it.     

Lessons learned from recent incidents: Facility siting, atmospheric venting, and operator information systems

Recent incidents have focused attention on a number of technical and management systems that need to be addressed by industry. A multiple layer of protection approach is essential for the prevention of incidents and/or reduction of consequences. Safety culture and operational discipline are the overall embracing factors that influence the safety performance of a facility. However, as recent events have indicated, there are a number of technical and engineering issues that must also be developed and implemented appropriately. Some of these issues that could lead to incidents with catastrophic consequences include facility siting and atmospheric relief venting. Impact of operator information systems on the prevention of releases of hazardous materials from their containment is also another significant factor that should be given appropriate attention.

This paper describes these three topics based on the findings from recent incidents and historical data. Engineering standards, regulatory requirements, and industry practices are discussed for facility siting, atmospheric relief venting, and operator information systems. Finally, a summary of gaps and needs in technology, standards, and practices is presented.     

Emergency relief,crop diversification and institution building: the case of sesame in The Gambia

This article examines the case of the Catholic Relief Service's (CRS) sesame support programme in The Gambia which has spanned more than 25 years. It outlines the transformation process from relief to development and the role that the production of an agricultural commodity, sesame, has played as a key building block. Following the drought of the 1980s, concerns to move away from dependence on food aid first led to agronomic trials of imported oilseed, then to the selection and dissemination of improved sesame varieties accompanied by an elaborate and costly support programme. This gradually developed into a long-term development-oriented intervention, paving the way for the development of a national women's farmers' organisation. The paper provides a case study of an intervention that has gone beyond the provision of seed to address agronomic research and extension, policy, marketing and institutional issues necessary for successful crop diversification.     

在用压力容器的安全校核

由于在用压力容器的安全校核计算至今尚无统一技术标准，在已开展的在用压力容器定期检验工作中，进行安全校核计算困难较大，尤其是算式中参数选择、原设计标准中公式的运用，在一个地区、在全国差异都较大，甚至同一台容器不同的检验员检验和计算，就会得出不同的结论，可能造成有的压力容器提前报废，有的带隐患运行。本文对目前普遍存在的问题进行分析，找出解决问题的方法，达到对在用压力容器有效检验的目的。     

采场调压数学模型在煤矿火区治理中的应用

采场调压可改变采场内气体流动的状况,抑制采空区自然发火。笔者采用Ｗａｒｄ 非线性运动方程,建立采场调压数学模型,利用有限元法对其进行求解。通过对小恒山煤矿东正巷出口的调压进行计算机模拟,从而掌握火区内部参数的变化趋势,及时预测调压潜力及效果,指导调压措施的进一步实施。     

略论高压水射流清洗效率的提高途径

目前,我国工业清洗发展很快,大型高压水射流多功能清洗设备的用量日渐增多,并在清洗行业中的作用越来越大。但是,在使用中,普遍存在着压力和流量不合理、高压水泵能量利用率低、高压管路压力损失过大、喷枪、喷头涡流严重等弊病,为解决上述问题进行了提高高压水射流清洗效率的研究工作。