基于突变理论的国内外火灾科学研究进展和展望

简要归纳了突变模型的特征和突变理论的应用方式,重点综述了突变理论在火灾科学中的应用情况,概括了突变理论在火灾科学中三个应用特点。针对具体油气爆炸实验数据,利用随机突变理论,对油气爆炸的突变模式进行了初步研究,说明了建立统计突变模型的可行性。最后指出了突变理论应用于火灾科学的未来研究方向。     

压力容器安全等级综合评定的实践

依据国家有关在用压力容器检验法规标准,结合金川公司压力容器的使用情况及多年来的检验实际,阐述了压力容器安全等级综合评定的方法。     

Sulfate reduction behavior in pressure-bearing leachate saturated zone

Attention should be paid to the sulfate reduction behavior in a pressure-bearing leachate saturated zone. In this study, within the relative pressure range of 0–0.6 MPa, the ambient temperature with the highest sulfate reduction rate of 50°C was selected to explore the difference in sulfate reduction behavior in a pressure-bearing leachate saturated zone. The results showed that the sulfate reduction rate might further increase with an increase in pressure; however, owing to the effect of pressure increase, the generated hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) could not be released on time, thereby decreasing its highest concentration by approximately 85%, and the duration extended to about two times that of the atmospheric pressure. Microbial community structure and functional gene abundance analyses showed that the community distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria was significantly affected by pressure conditions, and there was a negative correlation between disulfide reductase B (dsrB) gene abundance and H₂S release rate. Other sulfate reduction processes that do not require disulfide reductase A (dsrA) and dsrB genes may be the key pathways affecting the sulfate reduction rate in the pressure-bearing leachate saturated zone. This study improves the understanding of sulfate reduction in landfills as well as provides a theoretical basis for the operation and management of landfills.     

校正弯曲回弹分析及校正力确定

通过分析板材塑性弯曲时的校正压力与弯曲力矩之间的关系,研究了校正压力对减少板材回弹的作用.这对校正弯曲的工艺设计具有十分重要的意义.     

An innovative three-dimensional approach for the simulation of pressure vessels exposed to fire

The present study introduces an innovative approach to the detailed simulation of the pressure build-up in equipment containing saturated liquids when exposed to fire. The approach is based on the adoption of a fully three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the inner fluid. Experimental data gathered from literature studies were used to validate the model considering vessels of several scales and geometries exposed to a full engulfing pool fire. The comparison between the results of the 3D CFD model developed and those of two-dimensional (2D) literature models was also carried out. This enabled deriving precise indications on the selection of the most suitable approach based on the type of accidental scenario to reproduce, confirming 2D models as sound and reliable tools to model the fluid behaviour when homogeneous heat exposure conditions are present. On the other side, limitations of 2D approaches in capturing edge effects on i) temperature profiles, ii) recirculation patterns, and iii) energy accumulation in the vessel lading during fire exposure were identified and discussed. The results obtained represent a valuable source of information to support risk management and emergency response planning.     

在用压力容器的安全校核

由于在用压力容器的安全校核计算至今尚无统一技术标准，在已开展的在用压力容器定期检验工作中，进行安全校核计算困难较大，尤其是算式中参数选择、原设计标准中公式的运用，在一个地区、在全国差异都较大，甚至同一台容器不同的检验员检验和计算，就会得出不同的结论，可能造成有的压力容器提前报废，有的带隐患运行。本文对目前普遍存在的问题进行分析，找出解决问题的方法，达到对在用压力容器有效检验的目的。     

Effects of ignition energy on fire and explosion characteristics of dilute hybrid fuel in ventilation air methane

Deflagration explosions of coal dust clouds and flammable gases are a major safety concern in coal mining industry. Accidental fire and explosion caused by coal dust cloud can impose substantial losses and damages to people and properties in underground coal mines. Hybrid mixtures of methane and coal dust have the potential to reduce the minimum activation energy of a combustion reaction. In this study the Minimum Explosion Concentration (MEC), Over Pressure Rise (OPR), deflagration index for gas and dust hybrid mixtures (K_st) and explosive region of hybrid fuel mixtures present in Ventilation Air Methane (VAM) were investigated. Experiments were carried out according to the ASTM E1226-12 guideline utilising a 20 L spherical shape apparatus specifically designed for this purpose.Resultsobtained from this study have shown that the presence of methane significantly affects explosion characteristics of coal dust clouds. Dilute concentrations of methane, 0.75–1.25%, resulted in coal dust clouds OPR increasing from 0.3 bar to 2.2 bar and boosting the K_st value from 10 bar m s⁻¹ to 25 bar m s⁻¹. The explosion characteristics were also affected by the ignitors’ energy; for instance, for a coal dust cloud concentration of 50 g m⁻³ the OPR recorded was 0.09 bar when a 1 kJ chemical ignitor was used, while, 0.75 bar (OPR) was recorded when a 10 kJ chemical ignitor was used.For the first time, new explosion regions were identified for diluted methane-coal dust cloud mixtures when using 1, 5 and 10 kJ ignitors. Finally, the Le-Chatelier mixing rule was modified to predict the lower explosion limit of methane-coal dust cloud hybrid mixtures considering the energy of the ignitors.     

高层建筑防烟楼梯间正压值与门洞风速试验及分析

对一座 32层综合性高层建筑的楼梯间与前室的机械加压送风系统进行现场试验 ,测定了几种不同工况下楼梯间、前室的正压值、门洞风速、送风机风量、加压送风口风速、系统的阻力损失等参数。笔者着重分析了正压值和门洞风速的试验结果 ,试验暴露了加压送风系统设计、验收、防排烟产品质量等存在许多问题 ,亟待解决。同时也发现了《高规》条文中存在某些不完善之处。试验表明 ,高层建筑防烟楼梯间及前室的加压送风系统如果设计不当 ,火灾时 ,不仅不能起到保证人员安全逃生的作用 ,甚至可能成为严重的安全隐患     

采场调压数学模型在煤矿火区治理中的应用

采场调压可改变采场内气体流动的状况,抑制采空区自然发火。笔者采用Ｗａｒｄ 非线性运动方程,建立采场调压数学模型,利用有限元法对其进行求解。通过对小恒山煤矿东正巷出口的调压进行计算机模拟,从而掌握火区内部参数的变化趋势,及时预测调压潜力及效果,指导调压措施的进一步实施。     

略论高压水射流清洗效率的提高途径

目前,我国工业清洗发展很快,大型高压水射流多功能清洗设备的用量日渐增多,并在清洗行业中的作用越来越大。但是,在使用中,普遍存在着压力和流量不合理、高压水泵能量利用率低、高压管路压力损失过大、喷枪、喷头涡流严重等弊病,为解决上述问题进行了提高高压水射流清洗效率的研究工作。