Pressure and temperature increase of LPG in a thermally coated pressure vessel exposed to fire: Experimental and model results

Damage caused by incidents with transport tanks with compressed liquified gas is amongst the most extreme that can be encountered with transport vessels. This is particularly the case with the Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE), which may occur if such a tank is exposed to fire for a prolonged period. Therefore, the local Dutch LPG transport sector adopted a thermally insulating tank coating as a ‘standard outfit’ for their tank trailers, with the aim to delay a BLEVE for a sufficiently long period for emergency services to take appropriate measures and for people near the accident location to be evacuated. On a European scale however, no consensus has been reached on the cost-benefit of such measures.With the current drive towards “greener” and renewable energy sources, this issue has regained attention with alternative fuels such as LNG, CNG and Hydrogen and a need was felt for (better) theoretical models and experimental data concerning the behavior of transport tanks carrying these substances.In this paper a new tank thermal (equilibrium) model is described to predict pressure and temperature behavior of a multi layered, thermally insulated tank containing a compressed liquified gas exposed to heat. Results are compared with data of three bonfire experiments, in which 3 m³ tanks, filled for ca. 50% with LPG were exposed to fire. A good match between modelled and experimental pressure and temperature evolution in time could be obtained using a constant value for the thermal conductivity of the insulation layer. The modelling showed that the thermal insulation value is crucial for an accurate prediction of these parameters as well as the opening time for a pressure safety valve. As relevant temperatures may cover a very wide range (from cryogenic in LNG-tanks to over 1000 °C in a fire) knowledge of the thermal (and physical) behavior of the insulating layer over a large temperature range is essential.The same holds for the behavior of the PRV when subjected to fire. Extreme temperatures may also lead to deviating behavior from what is expected based on the initial settings.     

火灾场景中细水雾幕对玻璃保护效果实验研究

在火灾环境中,玻璃极易受到过量热流的影响而发生破裂,从而增加火灾房间的通风,导致火势急剧增长,甚至跨区域蔓延。研究防止玻璃在火灾条件下破裂与脱落技术手段对火灾防控具有重要意义。基于此,提出了一种采用细水雾幕阻隔火焰热辐射保护玻璃的方法。实验通过改变细水雾幕工作压力及其在火灾不同阶段的启动,并与传统水膜法进行对比,研究各工况下的保护效果。结果发现火源与保护装置同时启动,细水雾幕与水膜都可以将玻璃首次破裂时间延长。流量为0.38 L/min时,在细水雾幕保护下玻璃首次破裂时间比水膜保护下延长361 s。细水雾幕工作压力越大,保护效果越好,但当压力超过1.0 MPa持续提高细水雾幕压力,保护效果变化不明显。当延迟到玻璃表面温度达到90℃时,启动这两种保护装置,细水雾幕对窗玻璃保护效果不受影响,但水膜法玻璃首次破裂时间会缩短。     

资源型重工业城市生态承载力评价

从城市生态承载力的三类变量之间的关系出发,构建城市生态承载力评价模型;并以资源型重工业城市抚顺市2000～2009年数据为基础,分析了该市的生态压力参数和生态弹性力参数的变化情况,评价了抚顺市的生态承载力水平。结果表明:抚顺市生态承载力变化分为3个阶段,平稳期(2000～2002年)、起伏期(2002～2007年)和递增期(2007～2009年);生态承载力水平由2000年的-0.311增长到2009年的-0.017,抚顺市一直处于重载状态,属于高耗损型,强不可持续发展模式,但有趋于可持续发展的趋势。     

Propagation Characteristics of Gas Explosion in Linked Vessels Based on DDT Criteria

To study the occurrence conditions and propagation characteristics of deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) in linked vessels, two typical linked vessels were investigated in this study. The DDT of the methane–air mixture under different pipe lengths and inner diameters was studied. Results showed that the CJ detonation pressure of the methane–air mixture was 1.86 MPa, and the CJ detonation velocity was 1987.4 m/s. Compared with a single pipe, the induced distance of DDT is relatively short in the linked vessels. With the increase in pipeline length, DDT is more likely to occur. Under the same pipe diameter, the DDT induction distance in the vessel–pipe–vessel structure is shorter than that in the vessel–pipe structure. With the increase in pipeline diameter, the length of the pipe required to form the DDT is reduced. For linked vessels in which detonation formed, four stages, namely, slow combustion, deflagration, deflagration to detonation, and stable detonation, occurred in the vessels. Moreover, for a pipe diameter of 60 mm and a length of 8 m, overdriven detonation occurred in the vessel–pipe–vessel structure.     

The dynamic response of pressure relief valves in vapor or gas service,part I: Mathematical model

In order to prevent unstable operation, or “chatter”, of a pressure relief the API guidelines recommend limiting the irreversible pressure loss in the inlet line to a pressure relief valve to no more than 3% of the valve set pressure. This criterion is based on steady-state operating conditions and a typical blow-down pressure for the valve of about 7% of the set pressure. However, the stability of the valve is also influenced by other factors such as the dynamic response of the valve disk to the unsteady pressures and forces exerted by the fluid on the disk. A model for the opening lift dynamic response of a pressure relief valve in gas/vapor service is presented here which accounts for all of these effects through a set of five coupled nonlinear algebraic/differential equations. These equations are solved by a numerical method that can be implemented on a spreadsheet to predict the position of the valve disk as a function of time for given valve characteristics, operating conditions, and installation parameters. The model incorporates the influence of the various parameters on the stable/unstable nature of the disk response. An example is presented for a typical valve that illustrates the various modes of stable and unstable dynamic response that can be predicted by the model under various conditions. Two additional papers will be forthcoming: Part II – Experimental Investigation and Part III – Analysis of Data and Comparison with Model Predictions.     

珠江口湾区靠港船舶转用低硫油的成本与环境效益

船舶对区域大气污染的贡献备受关注.为控制船舶大气污染物排放,推进我国靠港船舶转用低硫油,以珠江口湾区为案例区,在利用统计分析法确定船舶辅机功率、靠港时间等关键参数的基础上,采用燃料动力法估算靠港船舶转用低硫油的经济成本与环境效益.结果表明:①珠江口湾区靠港船舶燃油消耗量大,2015年珠江口湾区船舶在靠港期间的总耗油量达31.35×104 t.②珠江口湾区靠港船舶转用低硫油的环境效益显著.2015年珠江口湾区大于3 000 DWT（载重吨）的靠港船舶转用w（S）（硫含量）为0.5%的燃油时,PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO_x、SO_x排放量分别减少792.8、729.1、566.3、6 979.9 t;转用w（S）为0.1%的燃油时,PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO_x、SO_x排放量分别减少835.3、792.8、1769.7、8 155.0 t.③靠港船舶转用低硫油会增加船东的成本.2015年珠江口湾区大于3 000 DWT靠港船舶都转用w（S）为0.1%的燃料油,因燃油价格差导致的额外成本为2.29×108元.在目前航运经济不景气的背景下,可通过财政补贴方式鼓励船东转用低硫油.参照深圳对靠港船舶转用低硫油的补贴政策,2015年大于3 000 DWT靠港船舶转用w（S）为0.5%的燃油时需补贴资金1.71×108元,转用w（S）为0.1%的燃油时需补贴资金2.29×108元.研究显示,靠港船舶转用低硫油能显著降低大气污染物排放,但转用低硫油需要船东承担一定的经济成本,政府应通过补贴等激励方式,逐步推进靠港船舶转用低硫油.      

空气储罐安全临界裂纹的可靠性分析

通用失效评定图在评定焊接结构安全性方面广为采用。但是,材料力学性能的测试、结构中缺陷大小的测试,客观上存在一定不确定性。因此,不论是对评定参数还是评定结果都需要进行可靠性分析。但可靠性分析需要大量数据,有时难于实现。为此,在对随机变量的实验结果进行统计分析中,采用二维单侧容限方法,从而在不增加工作量的同时,确保了分析结果的高可靠性。在空气储罐安全临界裂纹分析计算中,采用该方法处理后,应用成功-失败法对指定失效概率进行求解,裂纹尺寸变动1mm ,其安全评定的失效概率则变动几个数量级,从而在充分挖掘储罐潜能的同时,大大提高了安全临界裂纹分析的可靠度。     

营口海事局船舶防污染管理存在的问题及对策

对营口海事局在13年的防污染管理中取得的经验进行总结，对目前营口海事局防治船舶污染管理现状和存在的问题进行分析，并提出今后在加强船舶防污染管理方面应采取的对策和措施。     

三峡水库地震孕震机理及蓄水地震活动分析

本文从三峡库区区域地质构造、活动断裂及库区水文地质特点建立三峡库区区域地震模型;根据蓄水后岩石的库水与地质相互作用对该区水文地质及构造影响,对该区水库诱发地震进行理论分析,浅释了三峡库区水库地震孕震机理;以三峡遥测台网测震资料及宜昌台地壳形变手段在蓄水前后的监测的地壳动态变化特征为基础,对三峡水库诱发地震作了初步探讨及趋势分析.     

高压水射流超细粉碎的压力与粒度的关系

从理论分析和实验研究两方面，对高压水射流超细粉碎压力与粒度的定量关系进行了研究。根据流体力学理论，推导出粉体颗粒的动能与射流压力成正比；再由Ｒｉｔｔｉｎｇｅｒ的“表面积假说”，得出高压水射流超细粉碎的压力与产品调和平均粒度倒数和给料调和平均粒度倒数之差成正比；并在不同压力和给料粒度下，用水射流对云母粉进行了超细粉碎实验。实验结果与理论结果相当吻合。