Two-dimensional modeling of torrefaction of a large biomass particle

A two-dimensional (2-D) model is developed to predict the torrefaction behavior of a large wet biomass particle. Although one-dimensional (1-D) model is found to be adequate for L/D ≥ 6, the necessity of using 2-D model at lower L/D ratios and higher torrefaction temperature is established. Errors up to 18% are observed in predicted mass fractions between 1-D and 2-D models. The center temperatures differed more, up to 96%, between z = 0 and z = L/2 in 2-D model which is not captured by the 1-D model. The model predictions agree well with the experimental results of the present authors and others. The evolution of the temperature profile is found to govern the mass fraction profile. At higher reactor temperature, three distinct zones are visible in the contour plots: peripheral fully torrefied zone, intermediate torrefying zone, and core with unreacted virgin biomass zone. Simulation studies show the formation of two symmetric annular hot spots at the ends, which move inward axially and subsequently merge at the center, the rate being faster for smaller L/D ratio. However, 1-D model does not provide such insight. The effects of reactor temperature, particle size, the residence time, and the initial moisture content on the torrefaction behavior are investigated.     

Combined modelled and measured uptakes of arsenic and uranium by Lemna gibba G3 cells

With data from in vitro and in situ investigations, we developed a mathematical model to describe cellular uptake of uranium and arsenic in solution by living Lemna gibba under homeostatic regulation. The model considers the ability of healthy cells to resist accumulation of toxic metal species by regulating physicochemical properties of the cell membrane. In the bulk solution, the ratio of the total amounts of bioavailable metal ions to the metal ions uptake by the cells is very high. Consequently, the main rate-limiting processes of uptake are the biosorption kinetics on both external and internal surfaces at the biological interface, and the transport of the metal ions across the cell membrane. The model prediction correlates well with uptake results from field and microcosm experiments for uranium and arsenic by L. gibba, a model ecotoxicological test organism.     

A review for chromium removal by carbon nanotubes

Water pollution is still a serious problem for the entire world. Adsorption technology is a promising process which is based on the fabrication of novel, cheap, non-dangerous and highly sorptive materials for application in wastewater purification processes. Nanomaterials are functional groups which find use in many important fields such as medicine, food processing and agriculture. This review collects information from published works about the use of carbon nanotubes as efficient and promising adsorbents in chromium removal from (real or synthesised) wastewater. For this purpose, isotherm (Langmuir, Freundlich, etc.), kinetic (pseudo-first-, second-order, etc.), thermodynamic (free-energy Gibbs, enthalpy, entropy) and desorption–regeneration studies were discussed in detail. Moreover, significant factors such as pH, agitation time, temperature, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration are also reported extensively. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ions were 0.39–238.09 and 1.26–370.3?mg/g, respectively. The absolute values of ΔG⁰ and ΔH⁰ ranged 0.237–48.62 and 0.16–58.43?kJ/mol, respectively.     

镰刀菌HJ01对苯酚的降解性能

为了研究真菌对苯酚的降解能力,采用本实验室分离的一株镰刀菌HJ01,考察了外加碳源、降解体系初始pH、温度对HJ01菌体生长量和苯酚降解效果的影响,初步探讨了镰刀菌降解苯酚的动力学与机理。实验结果表明,该菌能以苯酚为惟一碳源生长,添加适量的蔗糖可促进HJ01菌体的生长及苯酚的降解。在蔗糖加入量为3g／L、降解体系初始pH为6．0、温度为30℃的最佳条件下,经HJ01菌处理4d后的质量浓度为420mg／L苯酚废水中的苯酚完全降解。镰刀菌的生长和苯酚降解动力学符合Andrews模型。     

碱渣对铜(Ⅱ)离子吸附特征的研究

研究了铜在碱渣表面的吸附特征.结果表明,碱渣总吸附量随体系温度的升高而降低;随体系pH值的升高而增加;随吸附质初始浓度的增加而增大.在pH《5.01时其等温吸附能较好地符合Freudlich等温吸附规律,而在pH》5.01时,能较好地符合Langmuir等温吸附规律,吸附热随pH值的增大而升高.当pH≤4.54时,碱渣的吸附力以偶极间力和氢键力的作用为主,而当pH》4.54时,以化学键力为主.碱渣的动力学方程亦随pH值的改变而改变,在pH=4.54时,碱渣对Cu2 的吸附动力学方程以一级动力学方程拟合效果最优;当pH为4.91和6.01时,以Langmuir方程的拟合效果最优.     

微生物对土壤和沉积物吸附多环芳烃动力学的影响

以枯草芽孢杆菌为接种微生物,研究微生物对沉积物和湿地土壤吸附菲和苯并[a]芘(BaP)吸附动力学的影响.结果表明:枯草芽孢杆菌对菲与BaP都可进行生物降解,对菲的利用率明显要大于BaP;接种微生物的土壤与沉积物对菲和BaP的吸附动力曲线与仅有微生物吸附的结果相近似,表明多环芳烃的降低主要是由于微生物的利用造成的;接种微生物后沉积物与土壤对菲的吸附量明显增大,而对BaP的吸附却降低.     

产品环境试验顺序的优化选择

首先介绍了产品进行环境试验的目的及其重要性,对环境试验项目之间的相互影响及合理顺序进行了分析,并阐述了选择环境试验项目顺序所遵循的一般原则,说明在进行环境试验时,必须针对具体试验项目,注意合理的试验顺序,才能确保试验结果的真实性、代表性和可比性。     

Radiation-induced reduction of chromium(Ⅵ) in aqueous solution by γ-irradiation in a laboratory-scale

Radiation-induced reduction of chromium(Ⅵ)(Cr(Ⅵ) by γ-irradiation was studied with an initial concentration of 42 mg/L in aqueous solutions. Several factors which might affect the reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) to Cr(Ⅲ) were examined. pH of aqueous solution affects the reduction efficiency significantly. Acidic condition of aqueous solution accelerates the process. At pH 2, a reduction of 86.2%was achieved with the absorbed dose of 15 kGy, while, with the same dose, at pH 5 and 7, the reduction of Cr (Ⅵ) were only 36.3%and 22.2%, respectively. Ethanol (0.1% in V:V) and sodium carbonate (1 mmol/L) were added into the solution respectively as relatively non-toxic hydroxyl radical scavengers. Reduction rate increased greatly in the presence of ethanol at each pH. Reduction efficiency of Cr(Ⅵ) was enhanced in neutral condition with the addition of sodium carbonate, however, no enhancement was found in acidic condition. The reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) was restrained when the solution was saturated with oxygen; however, the restraint was not significant.     

Kinetics study on photochemical oxidation of polyacrylamide by ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation

An investigation on the process of ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation has been carried out in order to establish the kinetics for photochemical oxidation of polyacrylamide （PAM） in aqueous solution. Effects of operating parameters, including initial PAM concentration, dosages of ozone and hydrogen peroxide, UV radiation and pH value on the photochemical oxidation of PAM, have been studied. There was an increase in photochemical oxidation rate of PAM with increasing of dosages of 03, H2O2 and ultraviolet radiation. Upon increasing of the initial PAM concentration, the photochemical oxidation rate of PAM decreased. Slight effect of pH value on the photochemical oxidation rate of PAM was observed in the experiments. The kinetics equation for the photochemical oxidation of PAM by the system has been established.     

固定化菌降解溴氨酸的特性及其动力学研究

鞘氨醇单胞菌QYY菌能以溴氨酸为唯一碳源、氮源和能源生长。考察了用海藻酸钙包埋该菌细胞对溴氨酸废水进行处理的降解和动力学过程。确定了固定化鞘氨醇单胞菌QY(Y以下简称固定化菌)处理溴氨酸废水的最适条件为:接种量10mL固定化菌,摇床转速100r/min,pH7,温度30℃。最佳降解条件下,固定化菌降解溴氨酸的过程符合Haldane模型。