中国地表水环境质量标准研究

《地表水环境质量标准》是水环境管理的尺度,在推动我国水污染防治、公众健康与水生态安全保障等方面发挥着十分重要的作用.随着我国进入生态文明建设新阶段,水环境保护和社会经济发展形势发生深刻变化,如何与时俱进,及时修订丰富现行标准成为迫在眉睫的问题.全面剖析了我国现行GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》修订历程、修订依据、重要贡献、存在问题及国家需求,结合国际标准发展趋势和我国社会发展阶段,提出未来将《地表水环境质量标准》由单项标准向系列标准转变的修订思路框架.初步阐述了由系列标准构成的“1+N”的标准体系框架,其中,“1”是地表水环境质量基本项目标准,用于判断地表水环境质量的优劣程度,反映水环境功能的基本水质要求;“N”是不同的特定保护项目标准,包括保护水生生物的有毒有害污染物项目水质标准、地表饮用水源地水质标准、湖泊营养物状态评价标准以及地表水水生物状况评价标准,并提出了各分标准的相关制修订方案.      

用模糊数学和层次分析法进行城市综合环境质量评价

介绍了一种用模糊数学和层次分析法进行城市综合环境质量评价的方法,并用此方法对乌鲁木齐市的城市综合环境质量进行了评价,取得了较为满意的结果.     

哈密市大气环境质量特征及变化趋势分析

介绍了哈密名城大气质量状况及特征,作了初步趋势分析.认为哈密地区大气主要污染物为降尘,然而大气环境质量近期发展不会严重恶化.     

城市垃圾码头对周围水域水质的影响

宁波市垃圾码头对周围水域水质影响作了连续监测,结果表明:对水质影响是以无机指标悬浮物、总硬度、pH为主,位置上下游大于上游.COD、BOD_5、油等有机指标影响较小,上游水质是先上升后下降,下游水质是以较小幅度上升,三氮的变化规律与有机指标基本相同.总氮总磷含量普遍较高.有毒有害物质对水质的影响不明显.这与宁波市生活垃圾中无机成分,特别是粉煤灰所占比例较大有关.     

建立土壤监测分析质量管理及评估体系的探讨

针对目前土壤监测分析方法、质控要求不统一的现状,从空白试验、标准曲线、精密度、准确度等方面,分析了在实际应用中存在的问题,提出构建统一的土壤环境监测质量管理体系和评估技术体系的建议,从而实现土壤环境质量监测分析活动的全要素溯源传递、全过程质量控制及技术评估,保障土壤监测数据的科学性、准确性和可比性,与新的管理要求相匹配。     

Evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5: Sensitivities impacting model performance: Part I—Ozone

This study examines ozone (O₃) predictions from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5 and discusses potential factors influencing the model results. Daily maximum 8-h average O₃ levels are largely underpredicted when observed O₃ levels are above 85 ppb and overpredicted when they are below 35 ppb. Using a clustering approach, model performance was examined separately for several different synoptic regimes. Under the most common synoptic conditions of a typical summertime Bermuda High setup, the model showed good overall performance for O₃, while associations have been identified here between other, less frequent, synoptic regimes and the O₃ overprediction and underprediction biases. A sensitivity test between the CB-IV and CB05 chemical mechanisms showed that predictions of daily maximum 8-h average O₃ using CB05 were on average 7.3% higher than those using CB-IV. Boundary condition (BC) sensitivity tests show that the overprediction biases at low O₃ levels are more sensitive to the BC O₃ levels near the surface than BC concentrations aloft. These sensitivity tests also show the model performance for O₃ improved when using the global GEOS-CHEM BCs instead of default profiles. Simulations using the newest version of the CMAQ model (v4.6) showed a small improvement in O₃ predictions, particularly when vertical layers were not collapsed. Collectively, the results suggest that key synoptic weather patterns play a leading role in the prediction biases, and more detailed study of these episodes are needed to identify further modeling improvements.     

Quality of rainwater harvesting for rural communities of Delta State,Nigeria

This paper assess the level of potability of rainwater samples harvested from catchments roofs in 6 rural communities of Delta State, Nigeria to achieve this goal a stratified sampling technique was adopted in the establishment of 90 sterilized cans into the 3 senatorial districts of Delta; on the basis of one can for thatch, aluminium, asbestos and corrugated iron sheets, and open surfaces. Six rural communities each were chosen from the three senatorial districts, making a total of 18 rural communities that were chosen for the study. The harvested rainwater samples were analysed with the most appropriate equipment and analytical techniques as recommended by World Health Organisation (WHO) and federal ministry of environment in Nigeria. Kruskal—wallis H’test statistical techniques was employed to ascertain whether differences exist amongst the rainwater samples collected from thatch, aluminium, asbestos and corrugated iron roofing sheets, and open surfaces. The result revealed that most of physiochemical and biological characteristics of rainwater samples were generally below the WHO threshold, as such the rainwater characteristics showed satisfactory concentration in these rural communities. Thus, the rainwater from these rural communities should be harvested, stored for human consumption and for other uses by the inhabitants. But treatment is needed in terms of their pH, TSS, Fe and colour. Similarly, significant differences exist amongst the rainwater samples collected from the 5 roofing types, most especially low quality of rainwater were observed in thatch and asbestos roofing sheets. Thus, rainwater from these sources should be purified before consumption.     

企业一体化管理体系实施模式探讨

笔者依据ISO90 0 1、ISO14 0 0 1及OHSAS180 0 1标准 ,为企业进行质量、环境及职业安全健康管理体系整合并实现一体化管理提出了实施模式     

中小学开展环境教育的方法和途径

在中小学开展环境教育是从根本上解决环境危机、实施可持续发展战略、开展素质教育的需要。本文针对目前中小学环境教育中存在的问题,提出了开展环境教育的方法与途径。     

关于质量(Q)、环境(E)和职业安全健康(OSH)的管理体系整合及其一体化探讨

ISO90 0 0、ISO14 0 0 0、OSHAS180 0 0三大管理体系的建立、认证和持续改进 ,已成为现代企业的管理水平和持续发展能力的重要标志。特别是我国入世后 ,企业能否在全球经贸活动中生存、竞争、发展 ,质量 (Q)、环境 (E)及职业安全健康 (OSH)问题已成为不可回避的难点 ,也是必须克服的重要障碍。在QMS、EMS、OSHAS三大管理体系推行、建立、认证和持续改进的实践中 ,无论是企、事业单位 (组织或用人单位 )、咨询及认证机构 ,还是政府主管部门 ,可能都在深思 ,怎样才能减少三大管理体系建立中的交叉、重叠、重复、资源 (人、才、物 )浪费 ,管理效率、效益不高的问题。笔者提出了QMS、EMS、OSHAS三大管理体系整合及其一体化的问题 ;探讨了整合与一体化的背景和良好条件 ;分析了整合与一体化面临的困难 ;给出了整合与一体化管理体系建立的建议 ;展望了现代企业管理及其体系整合一体化的前景。