UASB反应器处理生活污水的试验研究

采用UASB中试（100m^3／d）对生活污水处理进行了研究。试验结果表明，采用此系统处理生活污水，出水水质良好。COD的去除率在52％-83％，出水的COD值〈100mg／L以下，SS的去除率在95％左右，UASB处理生活污水的最佳停留时间为6h。产气率在0．1m^3／d。不管停留时间在10h、5h，出水的氨氮、乙酸值比进水的高；钙、镁、总氮、总磷、硫酸根和硝酸根离子出水值比进水值低。     

清洁汽车燃料-LPG在化油器发动机上的应用研究

减少汽车尾气对环境造成的污染已是全球性的关注热点，本文通过发动机台架试验，研究了清洁汽车燃料－LPG在化油器发动机上的使用情况，试验结果表明，含炳烷75％的LPG在所采用的试验燃料中不但具有良好的动力性能，而且具有良好的消耗性能和排放性能。     

全球能源安全的格局演变与地缘博弈

受经济全球化影响,国家能源安全问题的国际化趋势日益突出。21世纪以来,伴随世界多极化加速发展,世界能源安全格局演变特征及其驱动机制成为能源地缘政治研究的关键问题之一。基于这一认识,对2000年以来全球124个国家能源安全状态进行了系统评价,揭示了世界能源安全空间格局的演变特征及主要形成机制,并提出了未来能源地缘政治的博弈焦点。结果显示：（1）自21世纪初以来,全球能源安全格局演变整体上不断优化,但呈现出明显的阶段性特征,即2010年以来,全球能源安全格局优化趋势更为显著。（2）世界能源安全格局与国际地缘秩序区划基本吻合,即能源安全型国家集中分布在西欧和北美经济发达地区,较安全型国家主要分布在中欧、拉丁美洲以及亚洲高收入地区,过渡型国家主要分布在中东、东南欧以及东亚等能源体系亟需转型的地区,而较危险和危险型国家集中分布在南亚以及非洲经济欠发达地区。（3）近20年以来,世界能源安全水平显著提升主要得益于发达经济体能源使用安全维度的良好表现,而发展中国家由于创新能力较低、生产力较落后、居民可支配收入较少,其能源安全水平提升空间较小。（4）当前及今后一段时期内,全球能源安全格局将受到中美关系变化的冲击、能源转型的胁迫以及政治环境不确定性的影响。     

基于细胞尺度的光照对四尾栅藻生长的影响

以四尾栅藻（Scenedesmus quadricauda）为研究对象,采用平行平板流动腔装置,基于计算机视觉的藻细胞动态生长观察方法,从单细胞尺度研究不同光照强度对四尾栅藻藻细胞生长的影响.成功建立了四尾栅藻个体生长曲线模型,模型拟合效果良好.结果表明：在8000lux光照强度下,藻细胞的体积最大比生长速率最大,即四尾栅藻生长的最适光照强度为8000lux;适宜的光照条件可以增加藻细胞分裂时的大小,小于8000lux时,藻细胞分裂体积随着光照强度的增加而增加,大于8000lux时,藻细胞分裂时体积反而越来越小;较高的光照强度还有利于藻细胞适应新的环境,减少藻细胞复苏时间.     

中部地区资源型城市质量与规模时空差异演化研究——以山西省为例

在“新常态”背景下,山西省作为全国能源重化工基地,其城市面临转型与发展双重压力。通过构建指标测评体系,运用熵值法与协调模型等方法对山西省11个地级市城市质量年均增长率和城市规模年均增长率间协调发展程度的时空格局进行了相关分析。研究表明：1）山西省整体城市规模变异系数较大,而城市质量变异系数较小;且山西省各地级市城市质量、城市规模及其城市综合发展水平时空差异变化明显,在空间上由北向南总体呈“W”型分布格局。2）山西省各地级市在2005—2010年与2010—2014年两个时间序列上,城市质量年均增长率与城市规模年均增长率间的对比关系不确定,即存在城市质量发展速率超过城市规模或城市质量发展速度滞后于城市规模的现象。3）山西省各地级市城市质量年均增长率与城市规模年均增长率间协调发展关系存在着明显的地域空间分异,且在不同时间序列上形成了不同的城市发展主导类型,需因地制宜地分类指导其城市建设。     

短时间高强度旅游活动下洞穴空气环境变化特征及其影响因素分析——以绥阳大风洞为例

文章通过对大风洞2017年、2018年十一"黄金周"洞内外温度、CO_2浓度、相对湿度、游客量等为期7天的连续监测,并运用系统分析方法对各个监测指标进行综合分析。结果表明:(1)监测期间,受洞穴通风效应和游客量等的影响,大风洞空气环境要素(温度、湿度、CO_2浓度)呈现明显昼夜变化,表现为白昼夜晚;(2)洞道结构对洞穴空气环境空间变化具有重要影响,表现为神泉玉露洞道结构较夜明珠更为复杂,在2017年、2018年的温度、湿度、CO_2浓度等均要比夜明珠的高;(3)洞外空气环境变化对洞穴通风效应具有重要的影响,表现为降雨导致洞外温度、湿度降低,虚拟温差发生改变,促使气流方向由限制性通风模式向积极性通风模式转变;(4)受气候及游客因素影响,2017年洞内温度、CO_2浓度的昼夜变化特征较2018年更明显,且当游客产生的CO_2浓度大于洞穴空气环境的自净能力时,CO_2会出现累积效应,进而影响洞穴旅游景观及洞穴环境的舒适性,建议景区在进行旅游活动时要充分考虑短时间尺度游客人数高峰期对CO_2的影响及岩溶景观的合理保护。     

Effects of Scale and Logging on Landscape Structure in a Forest Mosaic

Landscape structure in a forest mosaic changes with spatial scale (i.e. spatial extent) and thresholds may occur where structure changes markedly. Forest management alters landscapestructure and may affect the intensity and location of thresholds. Our purpose was to examine landscape structure at different scales to determine thresholds where landscape structure changes markedly in managed forest mosaics of the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States. We also investigated how logging influences landscape structure and whether these management activities change threshold values. Using threshold and autocorrelation analyses, we found that thresholds in landscape indices exist at 400, 500, and 800 m intervals from the outer edge of management units in our studyregion. For landscape indices that consider all landcovercategories, such as dominance and contagion, landscape structureand thresholds did not change after logging occurred. Measurements for these overall landscape indices were stronglyinfluenced by midsuccessional deciduous forest, the most commonlandcover category in the landscape. When restricting analysesfor mean patch size and percent cover to individual forest types,thresholds for early-successional forests changed after logging. However, logging changed the landscape structure at small spatialscale, but did not alter the structure of the entire forestmosaic. Previous forest management may already have increasedthe heterogeneity of the landscape beyond the point whereadditional small cuts alter the overall structure of the forest. Because measurements for landscape indices yield very differentresults at different spatial scales, it is important first toidentify thresholds in order to determine the appropriate scalesfor landscape ecological studies. We found that threshold andautocorrelation analyses were simple but powerful tools for thedetection of appropriate scales in the managed forest mosaicunder study.     

Seabirds as Indicators of Changes in Marine Ecosystems: Ecological Monitoring on Machias Seal Island

Changes in marine ecosystems can be manifested in many different ways, on different temporal and spatial scales. Seabirds are top consumers in marine foodwebs and offer opportunities to detect and assess the biological effects of changes in physical parameters (sea-surface temperature [SST], salinity, depth of thermocline etc.) of the marine ecosystem. We compare six-eight years' of data on the biology (diet, and breeding success) of four species of seabird (arctic tern Sterna paradisaeaand common tern S. hirundo, which feed at the sea surface; and Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica and razorbill Alca torda, which dive 30–60 m for their prey) breeding on Machias Seal Island (MSI) in the Bay of Fundy with both our own meteorological and oceanographic measurements, and with standard measurements from conventional sources. These are compared with fisheries data on changes in the main prey of all the seabirds concerned (juvenile or 0-group herring Clupea harengus) which are the most direct link between the seabirds and the physical properties of the marine system. We explore relationships between seabird productivity and diet, and other aspects of both herring biology (larval surveys, and fat content) and oceanography (SST data from the island, and remotely sensed data from the entrance to the Bay of Fundy). Timing of laying by puffins followed SST variation at neither the local (MSI) nor regional scales, but at the scale of the North Atlantic, following the trend of populations breeding off northern Norway. The proportion of herring in the diet of terns over 6 years varied inversely with herring larval abundance the previous fall; this relationship was not statistically significant in the puffin and razorbill. A major new finding is the considerable (50%) inter-annual variation in the energy density (fat content) of juvenile herring that are the main seabird prey; breeding success of both species of tern varied in parallel with the energy density of juvenile herring in the diet until the last two years of the study, when sandlance (Ammodytes sp.) and euphausid shrimp predominated in the diet. Our long-term research approach combines traditional population monitoring (of numbers of breeding birds) with demographic, behavioural and environmental monitoring, to provide new understanding of the marine ecosystem as well as of seabirds.     

The Strange Career of the Ringelmann Smoke Chart

The Ringelmann smoke chart was used in the United States to assess smoke emissions in the early twentieth century. In fact, it may have been the most important method for measuring air pollution between the late 1800s and the environmental era. However, the popularity of the Ringelmann chart stood in stark contrast to its lack of precision, which smoke abatement experts recognized and discussed among themselves. However, the critique of the Ringelmann scale rarely left the circle of experts and never jeopardized its use. This article discusses the reasons for this striking phenomenon, pointing out that the Ringelmann chart had strong practical and symbolic advantages: it allowed smoke abatement to be conducted in a public and transparent way. With that, the history of the Ringelmann smoke chart is an instructive model for the social construction of measuring techniques.     

纳氏比色法测定氨氮的改进

减少显色剂中ＨｇＣｌ２，ＫＩ的含量，以聚乙烯醇做胶体稳定剂，显著提高了显色剂的稳定度和显色的稳定度，以ＫＯＨ和酒石酸做缓冲液，保持恒定的显色碱度，同时也隐蔽了金属离子的干扰，从而大大降低了空白吸光度和检测限。废水予处理，通过条件实验，确定了稀释比，稀释水样用絮凝沉淀法或蒸馏法处理，蒸馏时用磷酸盐缓冲液，并降低硼酸吸收液的浓度，提高了回收率。