尤溪群众性森林资源保护"三防"体系建设浅议

集体林权制度改革后,尤溪林业呈现经营主体多元化、经营形式多样化、林权结构分散化的新格局。如何切实有效地解决森林资源保护"三防"难的问题,是尤溪现代林业发展所面临的现实问题。根据"民办、民营、民监督、民受益"的原则,尤溪在全县集体和个体私人林权所有者自愿组合、自定章程、自收会费、自主管理、互惠互利的前提下,于2003年在福建省率先成立了护林防火、联防联治森林病虫害,防止盗砍滥伐林木的群众性"三防"协会,构建了森林资源保护长效新机制。本文论述了尤溪森林资源保护"三防"体系的成立背景、组建形式、重要作用,提出了今后"三防"体系建设的一些建议。     

对人体静电防护的几点认识

通过对人体静电的产生及危害的分析,总结人体静电防护常见的误区,并就如何正确防护人体静电进行归纳。     

油气田开发中硫化氢产生机理和防治研究

文章概括总结了油气田开发生产中硫化氢的产生机理,论述了防治硫化氢的化学法、生物法和物理法,指出了油气田开发中硫化氢防治工作目前所存在的问题及今后的发展方向。提出加强现有各种方法的综合运用、开发新的防治方法,以及硫化氢防治措施的成套化、规范化、安全化是今后硫化氢防治工作的重要发展方向。     

淮南市城市综合防灾规划简介

随着我国城市化进程的加快,自然灾害和事故灾害的发生给人民生命财产和城市经济带来的损失日益增大。以淮南市为例,探索了编制城市综合防灾规划的技术方法。规划在现状调研、灾害风险评估和用地安全评价的基础上,对应急指挥系统、应急通道、避难场所、应急物资保障等城市应急设施进行了规划布局;对防洪、抗震、消防、人防、地质灾害、突发水环境事故等防灾专项规划提出了指引;另外,规划也提出了防灾基本对策和实施措施。     

木结构防火设计方法简介

木材是唯一可再生的主要工业材料,对环境最为友好,是人类历史中的一种重要的建筑材料;但作为一种生物材料,木材具有易燃性,要确保木结构安全,就得充分重视木结构的防火设计。我国传统建筑主要是木结构建筑,其防火问题在我国很早就引起了重视,首先回顾了传统的防火设计方法;然后介绍了1h火灾防护方法,并详细分析了国内外不同木结构体系防火的设计、研究和思路等;其次简要介绍了木材的化学阻燃方法;最后总结木结构各种防火设计方法,提出存在的问题和未来研究的方向。     

高土石坝抗震性态分析与灾害对策研究

首先介绍了中国目前高土石坝建设现状,然后回顾了循环加荷动三轴测试技术、堆石料动力性质的研究、高土石坝动力反应分析方法和土石坝地震永久变形的研究进展,最后讨论了高土石坝抗震措施和土石坝地震安全评价及防灾对策专家系统的基本思路。     

地震序列下桥梁连梁装置的防落梁效果分析

在各类地震序列中,主-余震所占比例最大。主震震级越高其余震的震级亦越高,对结构的破坏越大。桥梁结构作为重要交通枢纽工程,其在整个地震序列发生时应确保通行,起到生命线工程的作用。选用集集地震序列对桥梁结构进行非线性时程分析,发现结构在主震作用下梁墩相对位移过大、主梁发生落座,余震作用下结构有发生落梁的可能。对结构设置防落梁装置,并进行非线性时程分析,结果显示连梁装置可有效抑制桥梁上、下部结构相对位移,提高结构抗推能力与整体性,保证了结构在整个地震序列中不发生落梁震害。在抗震分析中,应考虑到强余震对结构带来的影响,保证损伤结构在地震序列中的安全。     

Changes in fall prevention training for apprentice carpenters based on a comprehensive needs assessment

Problem

Falls from heights in residential construction are common, especially among inexperienced workers.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive needs assessment to determine gaps in the school-based apprentice carpenters' fall prevention training. A team of carpenter instructors and researchers revised the fall prevention training to fill these gaps. Apprentice evaluation and feedback guided ongoing curricular improvements.

Results

Most apprentice carpenters performed work tasks at heights prior to training and fall protection techniques were not commonly used at residential construction sites. Priorities of the revised school-based training included safe ladder habits, truss setting, scaffold use, guarding floor openings, and using personal fall arrest systems. New apprentices were targeted to ensure training prior to exposure at the workplace. We used adult learning principles to emphasize hands-on experiences. A framed portion of a residential construction site was fabricated to practice fall protection behaviors in a realistic setting. The revised curriculum has been delivered consistently and apprentice feedback has been very favorable.

Conclusions

Integration of needs assessment results was invaluable in revising the school-based carpenters apprentice fall prevention curriculum. Working closely with the instructors to tailor learning experiences has provided preliminary positive results.

Impact on Industry

The fall safety of the residential construction industry continues to lag behind commercial construction and industrial settings. The National Occupational Research Agenda includes a Strategic Goal to strengthen and extend the reach of quality training and education in the construction industry via mechanisms such as construction safety and health training needs assessments. This study demonstrates how a structured process can be used to identify and remedy gaps and improve training effectiveness. We encourage others to take steps to assess and increase the impact of training efforts directed at all residential construction professionals; including both union and non-union workers. The implications are even greater in the non-union sector where most U.S. residential work is done.     

气瓶充装场所防爆墙安全评价

通过事故案例和对现行国家标准的分析,提出了气瓶充装场所防爆墙安全评价要点,从实践角度为防爆墙设计提出了要求。     

化学品污染的成因及预防

世界化学工业迅速发展,各种化学品的产量大幅度增加,新化学品不断涌现。人们在充分利用化学品的同时,也产生了大量的化学废物,其中不乏有毒有害物质。由于毫无控制地随意排放及化学品其他途径的泄放,使环境状况日益恶化,如何认识化学品污染的成因及危害,最大限度地降低化学品污染,加强环境保护力度,已是人们亟待解决的重大问题。