近十几年来中国铁路水害的时空统计特征

利用收集的２０００多个铁路水害的记录，计算分析了我国铁路水害的一些统计规律，它们可以总结为：１．我国铁路水害的月特征是：从整体上看绝大部分都发生于６－８月，由北到南又有些差异；２．我国铁路水害月平均断道次数服从正态分布规律；３．铁路水害频发地区集中的成都、郑州、哈尔滨、沈阳等铁路局，其中成都、郑州两局水害占全路的一半。     

面向保险业的大面积自然灾害防灾核损信息系统研究

本文依据区域自然灾害的组织体系，在Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ环境下，以ＭａｐＩｎｆｏ（ＧＩＳ）软件为主要支持工具，结合ＦｏｘＰｒｏｗ、ＶｉｓｕａｌＣ＋＋，提出了一整套保险防灾核损信息管理系统建设的概念化模型，并以湖南省为例，建立了全中文界面、面向湖南保险业的大面积防灾核损信息系统。最后，结合本系统给出几个应用实例     

Identifying motivations and barriers to minimising household food waste

The amount of food discarded by UK households is substantial and, to a large extent, avoidable. Furthermore, such food waste has serious environmental consequences. If household food waste reduction initiatives are to be successful they will need to be informed by people's motivations and barriers to minimising household food waste. This paper reports a qualitative study of the thoughts, feelings and experiences of 15 UK household food purchasers, based on semi-structured interviews. Two core categories of motives to minimise household food waste were identified: (1) waste concerns and (2) doing the ‘right’ thing. A third core category illustrated the importance of food management skills in empowering people to keep household food waste to a minimum. Four core categories of barriers to minimising food waste were also identified: (1) a ‘good’ provider identity; (2) minimising inconvenience; (3) lack of priority; and (4) exemption from responsibility. The wish to avoid experiencing negative emotions (such as guilt, frustration, annoyance, embarrassment or regret) underpinned both the motivations and the barriers to minimising food waste. Findings thus reveal potentially conflicting personal goals which may hinder existing food waste reduction attempts.     

湖北远安盐池河1980年“6.3”山崩灾难成因分析

1980年6月3日,湖北省远安县盐池河磷矿发生大规模山崩,造成284人死亡。该文分析认为,山崩是在地形、岩性、构造、采矿和降雨多因素作用下形成的,大规模磷矿采空区的悬板张拉作用是山体顶部开裂的主要因素,顺倾软弱带的强度弱化是开裂山体滑移的根本原因。通过建立盐池河山崩地质模型和力学模型,结合变形监测资料分析,建立了顺倾山体开裂力学判据和开裂后山体滑移力学判据。从减灾文化建设角度,探讨了当事人、管理干部和技术专家在盐池河山崩灾难防范过程中的经验教训和防灾启示,可为闻者戒。     

铁路职工健康管理模式探讨

从专业健康管理人员、健康管理标准化、健康理念及健康管理组织结构等方面概述目前铁路开展健康管理面临的主要问题,提出建立铁路职工健康管理模式的对策和建议,即深化健康管理理念、强化健康信息平台健康管理功能、建立标准化健康管理模式和打造全方位健康管理团队,通过标准化、信息化健康体检数据管理,建立全链条、闭环式铁路职工健康管理模式,对提升铁路职工健康水平具有积极意义。     

Predicting pool safety habits and intentions of Australian parents and carers for their young children

Introduction: Children under five years are most at risk of experiencing fatal and nonfatal drowning. The highest proportion of drowning incidents occur in private swimming pools. Lapses in adult supervision and failures in pool barriers are leading contributory factors for pool drowning in this age group. Methods: We investigated the role of the theory of planned behavior social cognitions (attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control) as well as perceived barriers, planning, role construction, and anticipated regret on parents’ and carers’ intentions and habits toward two pool safety behaviors: restricting access and supervising children around private swimming pools. The study adopted a cross-sectional correlational design. Participants (N = 509) comprised Australian parents or caregivers with children aged under five years and access to a swimming pool at their residence. Participants completed a battery of self-report measures of social cognitive variables with respect to the swimming pool safety behaviors for their children. Results: Path analytic models controlling for past behavior indicated that subjective norm, planning, anticipated regret, and role construction were important predictors of habit, and subjective norm was a consistent predictor of intentions, for both behaviors. Planning predicted intentions in the restricting access sample, while attitudes, barriers, and role construction also predicted intentions in the supervising sample. Both models controlled for past behavior. Conclusion: Current findings indicate the importance of psychological factors for restricting access and supervising behaviors, with normative factors prominent for both reasoned (intentions) and non-conscious (habits) behavioral antecedents. It seems factors guiding restricting access, which likely require regular enactment of routine behaviors (e.g., ensuring gate is not propped open, pool fence meets standards), may be governed by more habitual than intentional processes.     

Residual road departure crashes after full deployment of LDW and LDP systems

Abstract

Objective: Road departures are one of the most severe crash modes in the United States. To help reduce this risk, vehicles are being introduced in the United States with lane departure warning (LDW) systems, which warn the driver of a departure, and lane departure prevention (LDP) systems, which assist the driver in steering back to the roadway. Previous studies have estimated that LDW/LDP systems may prevent one third of drift-out-of-lane road departure crashes. This study investigates the crashes that were not prevented, to potentially set research priorities for next-generation road departure prevention systems.

Methods: The event data recorder (EDR) data from 128 road departure crashes in the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) from 2011 to 2015 were mapped onto the vehicle trajectory and simulated with LDW/LDP to assess the potential for crash avoidance. The model predicted that 63–83% of single-vehicle road departure crashes may not be prevented by an LDW system and 49% may not be prevented by an LDP system.

Results and Conclusions: For LDP systems, which were assumed to have zero latency, no crashes were avoided if the time-to-collision (TTC) from lane crossing to impact was less than 0.55?s. Obstacles such as guardrails and traffic barriers, which tend to be very close to the road, were more common among the remaining crashes. The study shows that LDW/LDP systems are limited by two factors, driver reaction time and TTC to the roadside object. Thus, earlier driver response and longer TTC may help in these situations.     

南方崩岗区铁路工程弃渣场水土保持防治措施研究

在借鉴南方崩岗区水土保持综合治理经验的基础上,基于现场调查和资料分析,以龙岩至武平铁路为例,研究南方红壤区铁路工程在崩岗侵蚀背景下的弃渣场水土保持防治措施,旨在为同地区铁路工程弃渣场水土保持防治措施提供解决思路。     

洞庭湖区污染控制区划与控制对策

实行分区污染控制与管理是开展洞庭湖区污染综合防治的有效措施. 基于洞庭湖区主要污染物来源分析和污染控制区划原则,对洞庭湖区的污染控制区划进行了探讨,并根据各分区污染负荷特征提出了相应的分区控制措施. 结果表明,洞庭湖区主要污染物氮、磷和COD_Cr主要来源于农业面源和城镇生活污染. 洞庭湖区可划分为中心城市污染控制区、平原农业综合整治区和山地丘陵生态保育区3个污染控制区. 中心城市污染控制区以城镇生活和工业点源污染为主,平原农业综合整治区以农田径流和养殖业污染为主,山地丘陵生态保育区以畜禽养殖和农田径流污染为主. 针对各区污染特征提出了相应的污染控制对策,以期为洞庭湖区污染防治工作提供帮助.      

Development of a framework for fire risk assessment using remote sensing and geographic information system technologies

Forest fires play a critical role in landscape transformation, vegetation succession, soil degradation and air quality. Improvements in fire risk estimation are vital to reduce the negative impacts of fire, either by lessen burn severity or intensity through fuel management, or by aiding the natural vegetation recovery using post-fire treatments. This paper presents the methods to generate the input variables and the risk integration developed within the Firemap project (funded under the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology) to map wildland fire risk for several regions of Spain. After defining the conceptual scheme for fire risk assessment, the paper describes the methods used to generate the risk parameters, and presents proposals for their integration into synthetic risk indices. The generation of the input variables was based on an extensive use of geographic information system and remote sensing technologies, since the project was intended to provide a spatial and temporal assessment of risk conditions. All variables were mapped at 1 km² spatial resolution, and were integrated into a web-mapping service system. This service was active in the summer of 2007 for semi-operational testing of end-users. The paper also presents the first validation results of the danger index, by comparing temporal trends of different danger components and fire occurrence in the different study regions.