不同强度岩石中开挖圆形巷道的局部化过程模拟

利用FLAC模拟了不同粘聚力条件下圆形巷道的局部化过程。为了模拟巷道开挖,利用编写的F ISH函数删除巷道内部的单元。岩石服从莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的破坏准则,破坏之后呈现应变软化-理想塑性行为。文中模拟分为3步:首先,将静水压力施加在模型上,直到达到静力平衡状态;然后,利用编写的F ISH函数开挖巷道;最后,计算重新开始,直到达到静力平衡状态或者塑性流动状态。模拟结果表明,随着粘聚力的降低,巷道围岩的破坏模式首先由孔壁附近零星单元的破坏向4个对称的小V形坑式剪切破坏转变,然后由包含若干小V形坑的大V形坑式剪切破坏向巷道全断面的破坏转变。前三者破坏发生后,巷道围岩仍然能保持稳定。与最大塑性拉伸应变相比,最大剪切应变增量、最大塑性剪切应变要高得多;最大剪切应变增量、最大塑性剪切应变相差不大;随着粘聚力的增加,三者均越来越小。     

基于Bishop条分法的多点多向地震动作用下边坡稳定性分析

以人工合成的多点、多向地震加速度时程作为地震动输入,基于Bishop条分法推导了地震边坡稳定安全系数的表达公式。在此基础上,针对某一具体算例,分析了不同地震峰值加速度下的不同坡高边坡稳定安全系数的变化规律,并与单点、单向地震动输入的结果进行了对比。结果表明,对于本文给出的算例,在坡高与地震峰值加速度都相同的条件下,多点、多向地震作用下的边坡安全系数要大于单点、单向作用下的安全系数;当坡高小于30 m、地震峰值加速度小于0.1 g时,多点、多向地震动作用下的边坡安全系数与单点、单向相差不大;当坡高大于30 m、地震峰值加速度大于0.1 g时,多点、多向地震动作用下的边坡安全系数相对单点、单向要小36%以上,此时边坡稳定性评价必须考虑地震动的多点、多向特性。     

弹性滑移支座力学性能的试验研究

介绍了弹性滑移支座的原理、构造和特点;通过对其在不同工况下的性能试验,研究了竖向荷载、位移幅值以及加载频率对弹性滑移支座力学性能的影响,并给出了试验值与理论计算值之间的对比。研究结果表明:弹性滑移支座具有良好的工作性能,滞回曲线饱满,耗能能力强;竖向荷载和加载频率对弹性滑移支座的力学性能有一定的影响,而位移幅值对其影响较小;弹性滑移支座的恢复力模型,可以用考虑速度的指数摩擦力模型来描述,并且模拟得较为准确。     

基于《电力设施抗震设计规范》的地震动随机模型参数研究

依据《电力设施抗震设计规范》(GB50260-96)中的设计反应谱,对随机地震动功率谱参数的取值进行了具体研究。首先,采用时间包络函数考虑地震的非平稳特性,给出了地震动持时的取值;然后,根据加速度峰值等效原则,迭代计算得到地面的加速度功率谱密度曲线;最后,选定Clough-Penzien修正过滤白噪声模型作为拟合函数,通过非线性拟合技术拟合了与《规范》中的地震烈度、场地类别相对应的谱参数。研究结果表明,Clough-Penzien修正过滤白噪声模型能较好地拟合其曲线形状。本文给出了相对于规范中的地面加速度功率谱参数值,可供这种模型作为地震地面运动输入时选用。     

恐惧诉求对职业驾驶员安全驾驶态度和行为意向的影响

研究以EPPM模型作为理论框架,探讨恐惧诉求对危险驾驶行为(超速和不系安全带)态度和行为意向的作用。54名职业驾驶员在观看交通安全恐惧诉求录像后,完成安全驾驶行为问卷。回归分析表明恐惧诉求的交通事故录像能够改变驾驶员对超速及不系安全带驾驶的态度和行为意向,但作用不完全一致。恐惧情绪唤起通过恐惧情感所引发的威胁评估过程中介对不超速行为意向的影响。最后,对研究的局限和未来的研究进行讨论。     

The application of the psychological contract to workplace safety

INTRODUCTION: Psychological contracts of safety are conceptualized as the beliefs of individuals about reciprocal safety obligations inferred from implicit or explicit promises. Although the literature on psychological contracts is growing, the existence of psychological contracts in relation to safety has not been established. The research sought to identify psychological contracts in the conversations of employees about safety, by demonstrating reciprocity in relation to employer and employee safety obligations. The identified safety obligations were used to develop a measure of psychological contracts of safety. METHOD: The participants were 131 employees attending safety training sessions in retail and manufacturing organizations. Non-participant observation was used to collect the data during safety training sessions. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Categories for coding were established through identification of language markers that demonstrated contingencies or other implied obligations. RESULTS: Direct evidence of reciprocity between employer safety obligations and employee safety obligations was found in statements from the participants demonstrating psychological contracts. A comprehensive list of perceived employer and employee safety obligations was compiled and developed into a measure of psychological contracts of safety. A small sample of 33 safety personnel was used to validate the safety obligations. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Implications of these findings for safety and psychological contract research are discussed.     

The estimated reduction in the odds of loss-of-control type crashes for sport utility vehicles equipped with electronic stability control

INTRODUCTION: Using data from the NASS General Estimates System (GES), the method of induced exposure was used to assess the effects of electronic stability control (ESC) on loss-of-control type crashes for sport utility vehicles. METHOD: Sport utility vehicles were classified into crash types generally associated with loss of control and crash types most likely not associated with loss of control. Vehicles were then compared as to whether ESC technology was present or absent in the vehicles. A generalized additive model was fit to assess the effects of ESC, driver age, and driver gender on the odds of loss of control. In addition, the effects of ESC on roads that were not dry were compared to effects on roads that were dry. RESULTS: Overall, the estimated percentage reduction in the odds of a loss-of-control crash for sport utility vehicles equipped with ESC was 70.3%. Both genders and all age groups showed reduced odds of loss-of-control crashes, but there was no significant difference between males and females. With respect to driver age, the maximum percentage reduction of 73.6% occurred at age 27. The positive effects of ESC on roads that were not dry were significantly greater than on roads that were dry.     

Differences in Eye and Hand Movements of Novice and Experienced Press Operators

Presses are very widely used in industrial and commercial companies and are often the source of serious accidents occurring during operation. Most of the accidents are due to inadequate training of novice operators. Continuous recordings of eye and hand movements of five novice operators and five experienced operators in press operation were made. Significant difference between novice and experienced operators was observed in eye fixation time, eye movement patterns, hand dwell time, and eye-hand coordination. Also, differences were observed in spatial distribution of eye fixations during the die-closing portion of a stroke. There were no significant differences between novice and experienced operators in the eye and the hand movement time. The results could be used as basic data to establish a guide determining the method and training period to train novice operators.