太阳质子耀斑引发旱涝灾害的模糊预测

运用模糊数学理论，考虑太阳质子耀斑爆发，对旱涝灾害进行预测。提出了模糊评判指标体系、评价标准及隶属函数公式，研究实用计算机数据处理软件，对洪涝灾害预测提供了依据。     

国外几次震后火灾的对比研究

震后起火是国外几次大的普遍现象。本文通过对国外几次震后火灾的对比分析,归纳总结了引发震后火灾的主要因素及震后火灾的特点。震后火灾与生命线系统的破坏有密切关系,本文从震后火灾的机理出发,提出了用事件树模型预测供气供电系统引发震后火灾的方法。     

大型公共场所火灾风险评价指标体系(Ⅰ)--火灾事故因果分析

选择1998—2004年《中国火灾统计年鉴》中大型公共场所特大火灾事故的案例76起，结合事件树、故障树分析方法，分析了我国大型公共场所火灾事故的原因，得出了大型公共场所火灾事故因果分析图。     

重大突发事件应急管理的新思考——以“4.20”雅安地震为例

为了减少重大突发事件造成的损失,以"4.20"雅安地震为例,分析了重大突发事件具有突发性强、影响范围大且后果严重、救援紧迫性强、参与主体多元化等特点。与汶川地震比较,雅安地震在救灾反应速度、救灾手段和救灾效率3个方面有比较大的进步,但也存在管理混乱、信息混乱、角色混乱等问题。在此基础上,阐述了面对重大突发事件时值得人们思考的问题,为类似事件应急管理提供参考与思路。     

一种通用的生命线工程网络事件空间聚类分析算法

网络事件空间聚类分析可发现供水、排水、燃气、电力等生命线工程爆管、漏损事件的高发区域。生命线工程事件由网络边约束,可抽象为网络事件。若不考虑网络拓扑关系,将产生网络事件空间聚类结果与实际分类不符的问题。基于事件网络距离,提出了一种通用的网络事件空间聚类方法,给出了核心概念的形式化定义以及算法描述,可广泛应用于生命线工程事件高发区域的发现,具有较强的实用性。并结合供水管网生命线工程爆管事件高发区域分析实例,给出算法参数的确定原则和范围,验证了所提出的算法的有效性。     

Risk assessment of rare events

Rare events often result in large impacts and are hard to predict. Risk analysis of such events is a challenging task because there are few directly relevant data to form a basis for probabilistic risk assessment. Due to the scarcity of data, the probability estimation of a rare event often uses precursor data. Precursor-based methods have been widely used in probability estimation of rare events. However, few attempts have been made to estimate consequences of rare events using their precursors. This paper proposes a holistic precursor-based risk assessment framework for rare events. The Hierarchical Bayesian Approach (HBA) using hyper-priors to represent prior parameters is applied to probability estimation in the proposed framework. Accident precursor data are utilized from an information theory perspective to seek the most informative precursor upon which the consequence of a rare event is estimated. Combining the estimated probability and consequence gives a reasonable assessment of risk. The assessed risk is updated as new information becomes available to produce a dynamic risk profile. The applicability of the methodology is tested through a case study of an offshore blowout accident. The proposed framework provides a rational way to develop the dynamic risk profile of a rare event for its prevention and control.     

Resilience assessment of chemical industrial areas during Natech-related cascading multi-hazards

In chemical industrial areas, technological accidents triggered by natural events (Natech events) may escalate. Complex cascading multi-hazard scenarios with high uncertainties may be caused. Resilience is an essential property of a system to withstand and recover from disruptive events. The present study focuses on the change of the resilience level due to (possible) interactions between cascading hazards, chemical installations and safety barriers during the dynamic evolution of fire escalations triggered by a natural hazard (certain cascading multi-hazard scenarios). A quantitative resilience assessment method is developed to this end. The state transition of a system facing accidents in the context of resilience is explored. Moreover, the uncertainties accompanying an accident evolution are quantified using a Dynamic Bayesian Network, allowing a detailed analysis of the system performance in different time steps. System resilience is measured as a time-dependent function with respect to the change of system performance. The applicability of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by a case study, and the effects of different configurations of safety barriers on improving resilience are discussed. The results are valuable to support disaster prevention within chemical industrial areas.     

我国汽车尾气污染的催化净化

介绍了近年来汽车尾气催化剂的研究概况,总结了催化剂中常用助剂,特别是稀土助剂在汽车尾气催化剂中的作用。对有关的非贵金属催化剂的文献进行了归纳比较,并展望了催化剂的发展趋势      

Practical safety management for small or medium enterprises

The article is intended for those who are not safety professionals but are responsible for safety management in a small or medium enterprise (SME) of the process industry. It assumes that a SME is loosely coupled and of low complexity and has a small number of major hazards present in it. The article describes Elementary Safety Management (ESM) as a combination of activities that maintain openness to safety impulses with Elementary Risk Control (ERC). ERC uses four milestones and three rules to get to the necessary and sufficient selection of control measures, which will achieve an acceptable level of risk. To make the ESM scheme as simple as possible, the term causal event is used, which is derived from the term causal factor. Practical Safety Management (PrSM) adds to the ESM the knowledge and skills that a person, who is supposed to design and implement a safety management system, needs. The PrSM procedure is developed to identify optimum controls. The procedure recognizes the unavoidable role of commitment to safety, respects the role of hazard identification, and integrates prospective and retrospective analyses and current knowledge of safety management systems. Examples of application of the procedure are given in the article.     

Development of injury risk models to guide CT evaluation in the emergency department after motor vehicle collisions

Abstract

Objective: The clinical evaluation of motor vehicle collision (MVC) victims is challenging and commonly relies on computed tomography (CT) to detect internal injuries. CT scans are financially expensive and each scan exposes the patient to additional ionizing radiation with an associated, albeit low, risk of cancer. Injury risk prediction based on regression modeling has been to be shown to be successful in estimating Injury Severity Scores (ISSs). The objective of this study was to (1) create risk models for internal injuries of occupants involved in MVCs based on CT body regions (head, neck, chest, abdomen/pelvis, cervical spine, thoracic spine, and lumbar spine) and (2) evaluate the performance of these risk prediction models to predict internal injury.

Methods: All Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2008 injury codes were classified based on which CT body region would be necessary to scan in order to make the diagnosis. Cases were identified from the NASS-CDS. The NASS-CDS data set was queried for cases of adult occupants who sought medical care and for which key crash characteristics were all present. Forward stepwise logistic regression was performed on data from 2010–2014 to create models predicting risk of internal injury for each CT body region. Injury risk for each region was grouped into 5 levels: very low (<2%), low (2–5%), medium (5–10%), high (10–20%), and very high (20%). The models were then tested using weighted data from 2015 in order to determine whether injury rates fell within the predicted risk level.

Results: The inclusion and exclusion criteria identified 5,477 cases in the NASS-CDS database. Cases from 2010–2014 were used for risk modeling (n?=?4,826). Seven internal injury risk models were created based on the CT body regions using data from 2010–2014. These models were tested against data from 2015 (n?=?651). In all CT body regions, the majority of occupants fell in the very low or low predicted injury rate groups, except for the head. On average, 57% of patients were classified as very low risk and 15% as low risk for each body region. In most cases the actual rate of injury was within the predicted injury risk range. The 95% confidence interval overlapped with predicting injury risk range in all cases.

Conclusion: This study successfully demonstrated the ability for internal injury risk models to accurately identify occupants at low risk for internal injury in individual body regions. This represents a step towards incorporating telemetry data into a clinical tool to guide physicians in the use of CT for the evaluation of MVC victims.