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191.
Controlling phosphorous (P) inputs through management of its sources and transport is critical for limiting freshwater eutrophication. In this study, characteristics of exogenous rare earth elements (REEs) and P and their losses with surface runoff (both in the water and sediments) during simulated rainfall experiments (83 mm h−1) were investigated. The results revealed that on average most REEs (La, 94%; Nd, 93%; Sm, 96%) and P (96%) transported with sediments in the runoff. The total amounts of losses of REEs and P in the runoff were significantly correlated, suggesting the possibility of using REEs to trace the fate of agricultural nonpoint P losses. 相似文献
192.
In chemical industrial areas, technological accidents triggered by natural events (Natech events) may escalate. Complex cascading multi-hazard scenarios with high uncertainties may be caused. Resilience is an essential property of a system to withstand and recover from disruptive events. The present study focuses on the change of the resilience level due to (possible) interactions between cascading hazards, chemical installations and safety barriers during the dynamic evolution of fire escalations triggered by a natural hazard (certain cascading multi-hazard scenarios). A quantitative resilience assessment method is developed to this end. The state transition of a system facing accidents in the context of resilience is explored. Moreover, the uncertainties accompanying an accident evolution are quantified using a Dynamic Bayesian Network, allowing a detailed analysis of the system performance in different time steps. System resilience is measured as a time-dependent function with respect to the change of system performance. The applicability of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by a case study, and the effects of different configurations of safety barriers on improving resilience are discussed. The results are valuable to support disaster prevention within chemical industrial areas. 相似文献
193.
Fan Xia;Yunxin Hua;Bing Zhang; 《Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management》2024,31(3):1886-1904
This study investigates how environmental penalties affect the share prices of Chinese listed companies. By linking the share prices of listed firms to the full administrative environmental penalty records from 2015 to 2020, market reactions to 3602 environmental violations measured by cumulative abnormal return (CAR) are studied. We find that after an environmental penalty, the share price of the violator would decline significantly, but with a small magnitude in general. Our results provide empirical evidence that companies are paying some extra costs in the stock market for their environmental noncompliance in China, especially for environmental penalties with large fines, business bans, or those issued by high-level governments. Also, large, state-owned, and key emission unit companies are found to be less affected. 相似文献
194.
Introduction: Studies thus far have focused on automobile accidents that involve driver distraction. However, it is hard to discern whether distraction played a role if fault designation is missing because an accident could be caused by an unexpected external event over which the driver has no control. This study seeks to determine the effect of distraction in driver-at-fault events. Method: Two generalized linear mixed models, one with at-fault safety critical events (SCE) and the other with all-cause SCEs as the outcomes, were developed to compare the odds associated with common distraction types using data from the SHRP2 naturalistic driving study. Results: Adjusting for environment and driver variation, 6 of 10 common distraction types significantly increased the risk of at-fault SCEs by 20-1330%. The three most hazardous sources of distraction were handling in-cabin objects (OR = 14.3), mobile device use (OR = 2.4), and external distraction (OR = 1.8). Mobile device use and external distraction were also among the most commonly occurring distraction types (10.1% and 11.0%, respectively). Conclusions: Focusing on at-fault events improves our understanding of the role of distraction in potentially avoidable automobile accidents. The in-cabin distraction that requires eye-hand coordination presents the most danger to drivers’ ability in maintaining fault-free, safe driving. Practical Applications: The high risk of at-fault SCEs associated with in-cabin distraction should motivate the smart design of the interior and in-vehicle information system that requires less visual attention and manual effort. 相似文献
195.
Hammad Riaz Abubakr Saeed 《Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management》2020,27(2):681-693
Environmental Management System, that is, ISO 14001, helps to build corporate reputation, legitimacy, and can also be considered as firms' strategic response to institutional pressure to reduce the impact of business activity on natural environment. It arises the question: does ISO 14001 pay off financially? Unfortunately, this question remains broadly unanswered. Current studies on this issue show mixed and inconclusive findings. By employing rigorous event study approach, this paper compares ISO 14001 certified firms with their noncertified counterpart based on different matching criteria that include size, return on asset, and industry. The results indicate that the ISO 14001 is negatively evaluated by the investors in both the short and long run. This paper also suggests implications for policy makers, managers, and other nonprofit organizations. 相似文献
196.
Thomas Hartka George Glass Christopher Kao Timothy McMurry 《Traffic injury prevention》2018,19(8):S114-S120
AbstractObjective: The clinical evaluation of motor vehicle collision (MVC) victims is challenging and commonly relies on computed tomography (CT) to detect internal injuries. CT scans are financially expensive and each scan exposes the patient to additional ionizing radiation with an associated, albeit low, risk of cancer. Injury risk prediction based on regression modeling has been to be shown to be successful in estimating Injury Severity Scores (ISSs). The objective of this study was to (1) create risk models for internal injuries of occupants involved in MVCs based on CT body regions (head, neck, chest, abdomen/pelvis, cervical spine, thoracic spine, and lumbar spine) and (2) evaluate the performance of these risk prediction models to predict internal injury.Methods: All Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2008 injury codes were classified based on which CT body region would be necessary to scan in order to make the diagnosis. Cases were identified from the NASS-CDS. The NASS-CDS data set was queried for cases of adult occupants who sought medical care and for which key crash characteristics were all present. Forward stepwise logistic regression was performed on data from 2010–2014 to create models predicting risk of internal injury for each CT body region. Injury risk for each region was grouped into 5 levels: very low (<2%), low (2–5%), medium (5–10%), high (10–20%), and very high (20%). The models were then tested using weighted data from 2015 in order to determine whether injury rates fell within the predicted risk level.Results: The inclusion and exclusion criteria identified 5,477 cases in the NASS-CDS database. Cases from 2010–2014 were used for risk modeling (n?=?4,826). Seven internal injury risk models were created based on the CT body regions using data from 2010–2014. These models were tested against data from 2015 (n?=?651). In all CT body regions, the majority of occupants fell in the very low or low predicted injury rate groups, except for the head. On average, 57% of patients were classified as very low risk and 15% as low risk for each body region. In most cases the actual rate of injury was within the predicted injury risk range. The 95% confidence interval overlapped with predicting injury risk range in all cases.Conclusion: This study successfully demonstrated the ability for internal injury risk models to accurately identify occupants at low risk for internal injury in individual body regions. This represents a step towards incorporating telemetry data into a clinical tool to guide physicians in the use of CT for the evaluation of MVC victims. 相似文献
197.
为预防不良情绪对个体行为决策的影响,避免不安全行为,从神经层面探究情绪对不安全行为决策过程及结果的作用机制。基于事件相关电位(ERPs)技术,采用“1个刺激-2种按键选择(S-K1/K2)”的试验范式,开展脑电(EEG)试验,探究正负性情绪对不安全行为决策的影响机制。结果表明:负性情绪下,个体更倾向于作出不安全行为,也更容易冲动决策。相较于正性情绪,负性情绪下P200平均波幅更小,表明负性情绪抑制个体早期对风险信息的注意力投入,干扰对风险信息的早期感知与侦测;N2平均波幅更大,表明负性情绪干扰风险信息分析过程,导致个体出现更大的认知偏差和认知冲突;晚期正成分(LPP)平均波幅更小,表明负性情绪严重干扰晚期注意力的持续投入,对风险判断过程造成更大影响。情绪通过干扰早期感知与侦测、影响风险信息分析和风险判断过程来间接影响行为决策结果。在此基础上构建基于情绪作用的安全行为决策模型,该模型能够从情绪角度调节人的不安全行为。 相似文献
198.
船舶舱室火灾危险性评估方法研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
运用基于性能化仿真分析与统计理论耦合的火灾危险性评估方法,对船舶舱室火灾危险性进行评估.依据火灾动力学和火灾发展过程中不同阶段的特点,将火灾由初期、发展、蔓延到整个防火分区的过程划分为4个阶段,采用概率论和事件树的分析方法,得到了每个阶段的火灾成长概率.根据不同阶段火灾的特点,求得了各阶段火灾的临界时间,并以其为基础对火灾发生后船舶舱室平均过火面积进行了估计.计算结果表明,该方法通过对火灾过火面积的计算可以较直观地判断火灾的蔓延情况和对火灾控制较弱的设计环节. 相似文献
199.
低功率和停堆工况下人员可靠性分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
低功率和停堆工况下人的错误操作引起的人误事件,是电站风险的重要根源之一,应对其进行认真分析并找出其发生的主要原因.笔者根据低功率和停堆工况下人误事件的特点,通过对5种人员可靠性分析方法的比较,选择了SPAR-H作为人误事件定量化分析的方法;以停堆工况下的抽水过多事件为实例,对该事件中包含的3个人误事件进行了定量化分析,给出了定量化分析结果;通过分析、比较及实例应用的结果表明,SPAR-H作为低功率和停堆工况下HRA分析方法是合适的,符合该工况下人误事件的特点,同时SPAR-H过程简单,有利于电站人员进行实际应用. 相似文献
200.
Hongzhe Li Qingfang Bi Kai Yang Simon bo Lasson Bangxiao Zheng Li Cui Yongguan Zhu Kai Ding 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2020,32(8):179-185
Microbial phosphorus(P) turnover is critical in C utilization efficiency in agroecosystems. It is therefore necessary to understand the P mobilization processes occurring during P fertilization in order to ensure both crop yield and environmental quality. Here, we established a controlled pot experiment containing soil amended with three different levels of starter P fertilizer and collected soil samples after 30, 60, and 90 days of incubation. Quantitative microbial element cycling(QMEC) smart ... 相似文献