实施集中供热 改善城区空气环境质量

近几年大、中城市的环境空气质量得到了较大改善，但随着县级城镇的发展扩大．其城区内由于采用燃煤锅炉分散供暖，烟尘、二氧化硫超标排放，造成城镇冬季空气污染严重。实行集中供热，取缔城区的小燃煤锅炉．是改善城区环境空气质量的根本途径。     

δ-MnO2 decorated layered double oxides in-situ grown on nickel foam towards electrothermal catalysis of n-heptane

Energy-saving and efficient monolithic catalysts are hotspots of catalytic purification of industrial gaseous pollutants. Here, we have developed an electrothermal catalytic mode, in which the ignition temperature required for the reaction is provided by Joule heat generated when the current flows through the catalyst. In this paper, Mn/NiAl/NF, Mn/NiFe/NF and Mn/NF metal-based monolithic catalysts were prepared using nickel foam (NF) as the carrier for thermal and electrothermal catalysis of n-heptane. The results indicated that Mn-based monolithic catalysts exhibit high activity in thermal and electrothermal catalysis. Mn/NiFe/NF achieve conversion of n-heptane more than 99% in electrothermal catalysis under a direct-current (DC) power of 6 W, and energy-saving is 54% compared with thermal catalysis. In addition, the results indicated that the introduction of NiAl (or NiFe) greatly enhanced the catalytic activity of Mn/NF, which attributed to the higher specific surface area, Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺, Ni³⁺/Ni²⁺, adsorbed oxygen species (O_ads)/lattice oxygen species (O_latt), redox performance of the catalyst. Electrothermal catalytic activity was significantly higher than thermal catalytic activity before complete conversion, which may be related to electronic effects. Besides, Mn/NiFe/NF has good cyclic and long-term stability in electrothermal catalysis. This paper provided a theoretical basis for applying electrothermal catalysis in the field of VOCs elimination.     

热水供暖系统中氧腐蚀的原因、危害及除氧措施

文中分析了热水供暖系统中的氧腐蚀机理,指出了氧腐蚀的危害性,介绍了热水供暖系统中的几种除氧方式.     

冷热联用对市政脱水污泥低温干燥的影响

为探究冷热联用干燥市政脱水污泥的可行性,明确冷冻对市政脱水污泥低温干燥的影响,以市政脱水污泥为试验材料,利用扫描电镜（SEM）及流式细胞仪研究了冷冻对污泥的作用.考察了不同冷冻温度和冷冻时间对脱水污泥干燥特性的影响,并对不同含水率和厚度的脱水污泥冷热联用低温干燥效果进行了分析.结果表明：冷冻使污泥的内部微小孔隙增多.当冷冻温度降到-30℃时,细胞死亡率达到15.5%,是未冷冻时的9.7倍.当干燥温度为60℃,冷冻温度分别为-10℃、-20℃和-30℃时,脱水污泥完成干燥的时间分别缩短了25.0%、33.3%和29.2%.质量为5g±0.1g,厚度为3mm,直径为50mm的污泥样品冷冻6h后达到最大强化效果.污泥含水率的下降会导致强化效果减弱,当含水率降至45%时强化效果消失.增加泥饼厚度使强化效果小幅下降,5mm、10mm和15mm厚的泥饼强化效果分别为33.3%、31.3%和30.4%.     

高超声速飞行器翼前缘射流降热研究

目的获得高超声速飞行器翼前缘射流降热机理。方法通过计算流体力学(CFD)方法,针对典型高超声速带翼飞行器开展飞行马赫数为15条件下的射流干扰热环境规律研究,分析无射流翼前缘气动加热特性,确定热流严酷射流开孔区域,分别在翼前缘激波干扰及翼后段布置射流孔,并设计射流流动参数,开展射流总压与来流总压比率在0.002～0.02范围内的流场仿真计算,获得局部流动及表面热流分布特性,针对计算结果进行对比分析。结果随着总压比率逐渐增大,激波干扰以及机翼后段射流孔区域热流均显著降低,降幅达76%～99%。翼中段无射流典型位置总压比率为0.002时热流增高,增幅为11%～24%,随着射流总压增大热流降低,降幅达68%～86%。高射流总压比率局部射流孔前热流增大2倍以上。结论射流影响下降热机理是射流将高温气体推离壁面,局部表面热流显著降低。低射流总压比率亚音速射流作用区域向下游延伸距离短,不会引起局部再附热流增大。高射流总压比率音速射流降热影响向下游明显延伸,增强射流强度可以增加延伸区长度,同时会诱导局部射流孔前再附热流显著增大。     

山西省农村地区燃煤采暖情况入户调查及排污量估算

目前对北方农村地区燃煤采暖情况的调查研究主要集中在北京及其周边地区,尚缺少不同气候条件、不同经济水平下的更大范围的样本.为了系统掌握山西全省的农村燃煤采暖情况,并为北方同类地区提供参考,考虑不同地区冬季气温及年采暖期的差异,采用随机分层抽样方法,对山西省农村地区2015年燃煤采暖的情况进行了抽样调查,对全省燃煤采暖的燃煤量以及大气污染物排放量进行了估算.调查共在8市10县获得有效样本394个.结果显示:山西省燃煤采暖的农户约占89.3%,户均采暖燃煤量3.4 t/a;冬季气温对户均采暖燃煤量有显著影响,晋北严寒地区户均采暖燃煤量可达4.4 t/a,而在晋南等相对温暖地区户均采暖燃煤量仅是其57%.在同一地区,家庭经济条件会影响所选择的采暖器具,进而影响采暖燃煤量,经济条件较好的家庭选择土暖气,户均燃煤量是选择暖炕加小煤炉采暖家庭的2.3倍.估算2014—2015年采暖期山西省农村采暖燃煤约1 297.8×104 t,PM、PM_2.5、SO₂、NO_x、BC、OC、CO约分别排放13.0×104、9.1×104、19.9×104、2.1×104、4.1×104、5.6×104、123.3×104 t.研究显示,山西省单位面积采暖燃煤量约是北京、河北等同类地区的1/3,考虑到山西省经济条件较差,建议对城中村、城边村采暖实施煤改气、煤改电,其他地区则主要通过增强建筑的保温性,使用低硫煤等措施减少农村采暖燃煤排污.      

宁安市城区集中供热工程环境效益探讨

实施集中供热是城市环境污染的根本途径,不仅可以大幅度地提高城镇供热质量,改善居民生活环境,满足城区集中供热突出问题,还可以推动城镇环境建设和经济发展,有利于旅游事业的拓凰     

北方冬季采暖能源使用现状及节能对策

以沈阳市东陵区的取暖能源使用现状及可再生能源推广为例,以集中和分散采暖能源种类、用量、存在困难为突破口。采取问卷调研的方式,对北方冬季采暖能源使用现状进行了探讨,根据调研数据分析,为推广可再生能源、发展节能低碳经济提出建议和对策。     

北京市工业锅炉脱硝系统运行状况分析

"十二五"期间,国家将"NOx"作为新的考核指标纳入了总量减排体系。大型燃煤锅炉作为NOx排放的主要来源之一,将是下一步控制工作的重点。"十一五"期间北京市为继续控制煤烟型污染,在昌平、顺义、怀柔等远郊区县基本建成23个大型集中燃煤供热中心,本次研究通过对大兴##供热厂、通州##锅炉房两家已经安装SCR脱硝装置的供暖厂进行现场监测,了解锅炉房运行情况、脱硝装置实际运行效果以及氮氧化物排放情况,为下一步在大型燃煤供热厂推广使用SCR烟气脱硝技术提供依据。     

Effects of building aspect ratio, diurnal heating scenario, and wind speed on reactive pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons

A photochemistry coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical model has been developed to model the reactive pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons, particularly integrating the interrelationship among diurnal heating scenario (solar radiation affections in nighttime, daytime, and sun-rise/set), wind speed, building aspect ratio (building-height-to-street-width), and dispersion of reactive gases, specifically nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃) such that a higher standard of air quality in metropolitan cities can be achieved. Validation has been done with both experimental and numerical results on flow and temperature fields in a street canyon with bottom heating, which justifies the accuracy of the current model. The model was applied to idealized street canyons of different aspect ratios from 0.5 to 8 with two different ambient wind speeds under different diurnal heating scenarios to estimate the influences of different aforementioned parameters on the chemical evolution of NO, NO₂ and O₃. Detailed analyses of vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations showed that different diurnal heating scenarios could substantially affect the reactive gases exchange between the street canyon and air aloft, followed by respective dispersion and reaction. Higher building aspect ratio and stronger ambient wind speed were revealed to be, in general, responsible for enhanced entrainment of O₃ concentrations into the street canyons along windward walls under all diurnal heating scenarios. Comparatively, particular attention can be paid on the windward wall heating and nighttime uniform surface heating scenarios.