水华蓝藻生物质对Cu~(2+)的吸附动力学及吸附平衡研究

文章初步研究了水华蓝藻生物质对重金属离子Cu2+的吸附特性,包括生物吸附动力学和吸附等温线。生物吸附动力学结果表明,Cu2+的生物吸附可分为两个阶段,第一个阶段能较快地达到平衡,而之后的阶段进行缓慢。透析袋处理的蓝藻生物质在不同pH(3,4,5,6)的铜离子溶液条件下,吸附效率依次为62.4%,78.1%,71.2%,60.35%,吸附最大值为7.81 mg/g。水华蓝藻生物质对Cu2+的生物吸附平衡等温线可以用Freundlich模型精确拟合。水华蓝藻生物质在处理低浓度的含Cu2+废水方面有潜力。湖泊富营养化的优势在于产生低成本的、大量的、可收集的水华,这说明自然环境中的藻类资源如蓝藻水华生物质,可能作为商业中使用的生物吸附剂。     

类水滑石Mg/Zn/Al焙烧产物对高氯酸盐的吸附

利用类水滑石Mg/Zn/Al的焙烧产物对ClO-4进行吸附性能研究,通过类水滑石表面结构X射线衍射分析并探讨其吸附等温、动力学模型,并研究了焙烧温度、Mg/Zn/Al质量比、溶液pH值、吸附时间及吸附剂投加量等因素对类水滑石Mg/Zn/Al吸附ClO-4的性能影响.结果表明在500℃下焙烧4 h,Mg/Zn/Al质量比为2∶1∶1的类水滑石对ClO-4去除效果较好,吸附容量最大且对溶液pH值有较好的适用范围.经500℃焙烧的类水滑石吸附ClO-4的动力学拟合结果符合二级反应动力学模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir及Freundlich吸附等温模型.     

双组分VOCs的催化氧化及动力学分析

考察了微波加热与管式炉加热下挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)甲苯与氯苯的催化氧化性能,并对双组分VOCs的反应动力学进行了分析.结果表明,VOCs的竞争吸附使得双组分中甲苯和氯苯的转化率比单组分降低3%~12%;微波的"热点效应"与"非热效应"使得VOCs转化效率明显优于管式炉加热,尤其是氯苯的转化率提高了31%~38%;微波加热降低了氧化反应温度和处理能耗.动力学分析表明,微波加热下甲苯和氯苯的反应活化能比管式炉加热下减少了2146 J·mol-1和1450J·mol-1,微波加热下氯苯的化学反应速率常数是管式炉加热的35倍,甲苯的反应速率常数提高了6倍.     

碱改性净水污泥对水中氨氮的吸附效能研究

采用氢氧化钠浸渍法改性净水污泥,研究了碱改性净水污泥对水中NH+4的去除性能.同时,考察了模拟废水pH、吸附剂投加量、NH+4初始浓度、吸附温度及吸附时间对吸附性能的影响.结果表明,当pH为弱酸性或中性,投加碱改性净水污泥20 g·L-1时,在室温下对初始浓度为50 mg·L-1的NH+4模拟废水振荡吸附120 min,可达到氨氮排放二级标准.将实验数据分别用吸附等温模型和动力学模型进行拟合,发现净水污泥对NH+4的吸附符合Langmuir模型和二级动力学模型,且净水污泥对氨氮的吸附包括静电吸引和离子交换两种作用机理.     

白银天然沸石对磷的吸附机理及性能研究

为探明天然沸石对磷的吸附机理,首先利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、X荧光分析等对甘肃白银产天然沸石进行了表征,然后通过静态实验探讨了吸附时间、磷初始浓度、pH值等因素对沸石除磷性能的影响.研究结果表明：沸石对水溶液中磷的吸附动力学过程符合Pseudo second-order模型;Freudlich和Langmuir模型均可较好地描述沸石对磷的吸附特征;沸石对磷的吸附量随pH值增大而明显减小.     

新型污泥基吸附材料制备及其氨氮去除性能评价

采用高温焙烧法制备了一种以给水厂终端铝盐混凝污泥为原料的新型吸附剂.通过静态吸附实验探讨其对氨氮的吸附性能,实验中主要考察了不同初始p H、接触时间和温度等因素对氨氮吸附效果的影响,同时分析了吸附剂对氨氮的吸附等温线,动力学和热力学特性.结果表明,在中性条件下吸附剂对氨氮有较好的去除效果;吸附过程在6 h基本达到平衡,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,Langmuir吸附模型可较好地拟合吸附剂对氨氮的吸附;热力学参数表明陶粒吸附剂对NH_4~+-N的吸附过程是自发的、吸热反应(ΔG~θ0、ΔH~θ0),且由平均吸附能得到该吸附属于物理吸附.因此,混凝污泥处理氨氮废水具有良好的应用前景.     

流动搅动法研究针铁矿对亚砷酸盐的吸附特征

采用流动搅动法,在溶液p H、浓度和温度影响条件下,研究针铁矿对亚砷酸盐吸附的特征.结果表明,在不同条件下,亚砷酸盐的吸附过程分为快反应和慢反应这2个阶段.随溶液p H的升高,砷的吸附量逐渐降低,表观吸附速率常数(k')逐渐增大,半反应时间(t1/2)也就越小,砷的吸附反应达到平衡时间就越短,且砷的扩散速率常数b值也逐渐降低.溶液p H 3.0和p H7.0时,砷最大吸附量分别为246.9 mg·kg~(-1)和99.8 mg·kg~(-1).随着砷浓度的升高,针铁矿对砷的吸附量增加,表观吸附速率常数(k')逐渐增大;砷浓度为0.10 mg·L~(-1)和1.00 mg·L~(-1)时,砷的最大吸附量分别为96.5 mg·kg~(-1)和249.1 mg·kg~(-1).Freundlich方程中吸附常数Kf值随着时间的延长逐渐降低,其吸附能力是逐渐减弱的.Langmuir方程分配因子RL在0~1之间,表现为针铁矿上砷的吸附为优惠吸附.随着温度的升高,针铁矿对砷的吸附量增加,表观吸附速率常数k'值也逐渐升高.温度为298K和313 K时,砷最大吸附量分别为241.1 mg·kg~(-1)和315.6 mg·kg~(-1).用抛物线扩散方程b值来计算扩散过程的伪热力学常数,砷吸附反应的活化能(E*a)为14.60 k J·mol~(-1).砷扩散活化焓变(ΔHθ)随着温度的升高有所降低,ΔHθ均为正值,扩散过程为吸热反应,升高温度有利于砷的吸附;活化自由能变(ΔGθ)随着温度的上升而升高,升高温度有利于加快扩散过程;ΔSθ值均为负,说明吸附反应使体系有序度增加.     

表面活性剂辅助离子液体预处理稻秆的酶解动力学与结构变化分析

以稻秆为原料进行酶解研究,考察了纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶单独作用及协同作用对稻秆酶解还原糖产量的影响,以确定最佳酶体系,并研究在最佳酶体系中不同种类表面活性剂辅助离子液体对稻秆酶解的影响和动力学特征,最后通过稻秆成分分析、FTIR、XRD、SEM对预处理前后的稻秆结构、结晶性进行了分析比较.结果表明,纤维素酶与β-葡萄糖苷酶具有协同作用,而且在最佳酶体系中,与未处理稻秆及单独离子液体预处理相比,不同种类表面活性剂辅助离子液体预处理的稻秆在酶水解48 h时纤维转化率分别增加40%~85%、10%~31%,并且预处理对反应速率的提高有促进作用.     

Photochemical behaviour of musk tibetene

BACKGROUND: Synthetic musk compounds are widely used as additives in personal care and household products. The photochemical degradation of musk tibetene in aqueous solutions or in acetonitrile/water mixtures under different conditions was studied in order to assess its environmental fate. METHODS: Musk tibetene dissolved (or suspended) in water and/or acetonitrile/water mixtures was irradiated at different times by UV-light and by solar light. The irradiation mixtures were analyzed by NMR and TLC. The photoproducts formed were identified by GC-MS and NMR data. RESULTS: The experimental results indicated that musk tibetene was photodegradable in water or acetonitrile/water mixtures with half-life reaction times close to 20 minutes. The irradiation mixtures were separated by chromatographic techniques yielding three photoproducts (3,3,5,6,7-pentamethyl-4-nitro-3H-indole, 3,3,5,6,7-pentamethyl-4-nitro-1H-indoline and 3,3,5,6,7-pentamethyl-4-nitro-3H-indolinone) identified by means of spectroscopic analysis. DISCUSSION: The numerical modelling of the photodegradation concentration-time profiles gave (8.13 +/- 0.15) x 10(-2) and (1.34 +/- 0.04) x 10(-2) mol/E for the overall primary quantum yield of direct photolysis for musk tibetene and the major intermediate (3,3,5,6,7-pentamethyl-4-nitro-3H-indolinone), respectively, in the wavelength range 305-366 nm. The half-life times of photodegradation of the both substances varied from 1-1.5 hours at 20 degrees N during the summer season to 6-10 hours for highest latitudes in winter. CONCLUSIONS: Under solar light, musk tibetene was photolabile in acetonitrile and acetonitrile/water 1/1, while it was slowly degraded when suspended in water. In all media, musk tibetene was photodegraded into three photoproducts. By using a kinetic model, the overall primary quantum yields of direct photolysis of musk tibetene and its main photoproduct, in the wavelength range 305-366 nm, were estimated, indicating that the photodegradation rate for musk tibetene is faster than the photolysis rate of the major by-product. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The results indicate that, in order to assess the environmental impact of musk tibetene on the aquatic ecosystem, great attention should be focused on the major photoproduct which is proved to be more persistent than the parent compound under light irradiation. The predicted half-life times of direct photolysis for both substances ranged from 1-1.5 hours at 20 degrees N during the summer season to about 6-10 hours for highest latitudes in winter, indicating that, from a photochemical point of view, the environmental persistence of these substances increases by increasing the latitudes and during the cold seasons, making more realistic an intake of these xenobiotic molecules into the food chain of aquatic living organisms. Tanabe reports in his Editorial (Tanabe 2005) that "It is necessary to have knowledge of the global picture of synthetic musk pathways. So, it is conceivable that now is the time to study the transport, persistency, distribution, bioaccumulation and toxic potential of this new environmental menace on a global scale, especially in developing countries". Therefore, the future environmental analysis and investigations on the eco-toxicity of nitro musk compounds should take into account not only the presence of the parent compounds but also their photochemical intermediates or end-by-products.     

Extended geometric method: a simple approach to derive adsorption rate constants of Langmuir-Freundlich kinetics

A new and simple equation has been presented here for calculation of adsorption and desorption rate constants of Langmuir-Freundlich kinetic equation. The derivation of new equation is on the basis of extension and correction to the geometric method which has been presented by Kuan et al. [Kuan, W.-H., Lo, S.-L., Chang, C.M., Wang, M.K., 2000. A geometric approach to determine adsorption and desorption kinetic constants. Chemosphere 41, 1741-1747] for the kinetics of adsorption/desorption in aqueous solutions. The correction is to consider that the concentration of solute is not constant and changes as adsorption proceeds. The extension is that we applied Langmuir-Freundlich kinetic model instead of Langmuir kinetic model to consider the heterogeneity and therefore it is more applicable to the real systems. For solving Langmuir-Freundlich kinetic model, some geometric methods and also Taylor expansion were used and finally a simple and novel equation was derived (Eq. (20)) for calculation of adsorption rate constant. This new method was named "extended geometric method". The input data of the obtained equation can be simply derived from initial data of adsorption kinetics. Finally the adsorption of methyl orange onto granular activated carbon was carried out at dynamic and equilibrium conditions and the capabilities of extended geometric method were examined by the experimental data.