清洁生产在环境监测站中的应用分析

论述了清洁生产在环境监测中的应用,从环境监测分析中采取提高污染物分析技术,设备的使用,建立污染物处理体系及程序文件等方法,全方位的提高环境监测质量减少污染物的排放和节约成本.     

Reduction of NO by CO using Pd-CeTb and Pd-CeZr catalysts supported on SiO2 and La2O3-Al2O3

The catalytic activity of Pd catalysts supported on Ce_0.73Tb_0.27O_x/SiO₂, Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O_x/SiO₂, Ce_0.73Tb_0.27O_x/La₂O₃-Al₂O₃ and Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O_x/La₂O₃-Al₂O₃ was studied using the reduction of NO by CO. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, surface area, X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed reduction, CO chemisorption and oxygen storage capacity. Temperature-programmed reduction results indicated that Tb or Zr incorporation improves the reducibility and oxygen storage capacity. CO chemisorption data suggested the presence of large PdO particles due to the low CO/Pd ratio. No significant differences were obtained in light off temperatures (T_{Light off}) for all Pd catalysts and the most active was 1.5%Pd/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O_x/SiO₂.     

赤红壤、砖红壤矿物油污染效应研究

本研究采用盆栽试验法,研究了赤红壤、砖红壤中矿物油对水稻、花生的生理生态影响和矿物油在土壤中的净化。研究结果表明:矿物油对第一季水稻生长发育影响不大,对第二季则表现出明显的抑制作用,低浓度矿物油对花生生长发育有促进作用,高浓度则对其起抑制作用;收获后,水稻各部分及水稻土,花生根及花生土油残留均与投油量呈极显著的直线正相关关系,油在作物根部最易积累;种植两季水稻后,油在赤红壤、砖红壤中的净化率分别为80％以上和50％左右。最后,根据上述研究确定了赤红壤、砖红壤的矿物油临界含量分别为270.90mg/kg和318.92mg/kg。      

我国废铅酸蓄电池铅回收节能减排技术分析

从我国废铅酸蓄电池铅回收行业的现状和实际情况出发,结合国内外先进废铅蓄电池铅回收技术与经验,提出了我国废铅酸蓄电池铅回收过程中可能应用的节能减排技术,有利于促进行业技术进步,实现可持续发展。     

Composting of food refuse from a student restaurant in Hokkaido University

Over a period of 21 months, we composted food refuse from a student restaurant in Hokkaido University using a commercially available composting machine. The machine had two reactors, each with a working volume of 250 l. The refuse was mixed with sawdust in a ratio of 5 l sawdust to 10 kg refuse, and this mixture was fed into the machine daily. We studied the characteristics of the refuse, the composting mixture, and the finished compost in an effort to optimize the operating parameters. We also evaluated the effectiveness of the composting process by determining the decomposition rates of the composting materials. The optimum moisture content of the composting mixture was between 30% wet basis (wb) and 40% wb in this machine. The composting machine worked well when the first reactor was filled with composting mixture and 0.5 kg lime was added once per week. The mass of the materials supplied was reduced by 84% over the study period. The decomposition rate of the volatile matter in all composting materials was 66%. The mass of the food refuse supplied was 14.8 kg/day on average, and the moisture content of the refuse was 77% wb on average. Received: October 4, 1999 / Accepted: April 4, 2000     

钒钛SCR脱硝催化剂低温研究进展

由于商用钒钛SCR催化剂存在活性温度偏高等缺点,开发低温高活性的催化剂体系已成为国内外研究的热点。分析了钒钛催化剂低温SCR反应的脱硝机理,探讨了催化剂性能的低温改性方法和努力方向,介绍了催化剂中毒方面的研究进展,为催化剂的完善和低温SCR的深入研究提供参考。     

Source apportionment of polychlorinated biphenyls in the New York/New Jersey Harbor

The New York/New Jersey Harbor (also known as the Hudson River Estuary) is heavily contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) arising in part from inputs from the Upper Hudson River, which is a Superfund site containing historical PCB contamination, and also due to inputs from the New York City metropolitan area. The Contamination Assessment and Reduction Project (CARP) measured PCBs and other contaminants in ambient water samples collected throughout the Harbor region during 1998-2001. In order to investigate the sources of PCBs to the NY/NJ Harbor, this data base of PCB concentrations was analyzed using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). This analysis resolved seven factors that are thought to be associated with sources such as the Upper Hudson River, storm water runoff, combined sewer overflows (CSOs), and wastewater effluents. The PMF model also produced a factor that appears to be related to sites contaminated with Aroclor 1260. To the extent that the NY/NJ Harbor is typical of urbanized estuaries throughout the United States, these results suggest that storm water runoff is probably a significant source of PCBs to surface waters in urban areas.     

污泥停留时间对污泥减量化的影响

污泥停留时间不但决定系统剩余污泥的排放量,还直接影响到污泥的絮凝沉降性能及活性等。由实验可知:污泥停留时间延长,可导致微生物缺乏营养,减少污泥产生量;从而导致SVI升高,污泥负荷降低。因此,延长污泥停留时间减少剩余污泥量,可以节省尿素和KH2PO4投入量,从经济上节省运行成本。     

超声对连续流活性污泥系统污泥减量化研究

在运行稳定的连续流活性污泥系统中采用超声处理剩余污泥并将其返回系统中．研究在不影响出水水质的前提下实现污泥减量化的条件。试验表明：在声能密度0．8W／mL、超声作用时间60s,系统运行稳定后,出水CODCr质量浓度为46mg／L,单位MLSS的SVI为82．6mL／g。此时,系统出水达到CB18918--2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级排放标准,污泥沉降性良好,污泥减量效果明显。     

Weak magnetic field accelerates chromate removal by zero-valent iron

Weak magnetic field(WMF) was employed to improve the removal of Cr(VI) by zero-valent iron(ZVI) for the first time. The removal rate of Cr(VI) was elevated by a factor of 1.12–5.89 due to the application of a WMF, and the WMF-induced improvement was more remarkable at higher Cr(VI) concentration and higher p H. Fe2+was not detected until Cr(VI) was exhausted, and there was a positive correlation between the WMF-induced promotion factor of Cr(VI) removal rate and that of Fe2+release rate in the absence of Cr(VI) at pH 4.0–5.5. These phenomena imply that ZVI corrosion with Fe2+release was the limiting step in the process of Cr(VI) removal. The superimposed WMF had negligible influence on the apparent activation energy of Cr(VI) removal by ZVI, indicating that WMF accelerated Cr(VI)removal by ZVI but did not change the mechanism. The passive layer formed with WMF was much more porous than without WMF, thereby facilitating mass transport. Therefore,WMF could accelerate ZVI corrosion and alleviate the detrimental effects of the passive layer, resulting in more rapid removal of Cr(VI) by ZVI. Exploiting the magnetic memory of ZVI, a two-stage process consisting of a small reactor with WMF for ZVI magnetization and a large reactor for removing contaminants by magnetized ZVI can be employed as a new method of ZVI-mediated remediation.