Corrosion rules for ordinary concrete exposed to sulfur dioxide-containing environments

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) significantly influences the durability of concrete. Concrete corrosion in SO₂-containing environments is a serious concern. In this study, an accelerated test was devised to examine the change rules of concrete corrosion in SO₂-containing environments. Experiments were conducted to explore changes in mass, strength, and sulfatized depth with different water–cement ratios and a series of SO₂ concentrations. Data indicated that the water–cement ratio and SO₂ levels all impact the durability of concrete.     

配筋率对钢筋混凝土框架梁极限承载力的影响——拱效应试验研究

通过对9根不同纵筋配筋率的钢筋混凝土试验梁进行加载试验,研究了纵筋配筋率对钢筋混凝土框架梁拱效应的影响以及拱效应条件下钢筋混凝土框架梁的极限承载力.试验结果和理论分析表明,钢筋混凝土框架梁中的拱效应可以使构件的极限承载力提高1倍左右;纵筋配筋率越低,极限承载力提高的幅度越显著.为提高拱效应的作用,宜将钢筋混凝土框架梁的纵筋配筋率控制在1.5%以内.     

混凝土箱梁桥零号块水化热过程分析研究

结合黄沙港大桥工程实际,以箱室内外温度测试数据作为边界条件,根据混凝土水化过程的热传导方程,应用有限元分析程序ANSYS,对浇筑期间预应力混凝土连续箱梁零号块结构的温度场进行了仿真分析,并将仿真计算结果与混凝土连续箱梁的实测结果进行了比较。然后,应用ANSYS软件,采用增量法,动态模拟浇筑过程中水化热温度场变化引起的结构应力变化,得到了施工过程中应力场的时间和空间分布规律。分析表明,由于顶板和底板厚度较薄、内外温差较大,温度引起的残余应力也相对较大,而腹板最终的残余应力较小。因此,应该通过覆盖保温材料,控制厚度较薄的底板和顶板的内外温差,以改善内部混凝土后期受力状况,同时要注意控制预应力张拉时间和张拉力的大小。     

混凝土核心筒的有限元模拟及若干参数的影响分析

运用ABAQUS分析软件,建立水平荷载作用下的钢筋混凝土核心筒有限元模型,进行非线性分析,并将分析结果与大比例试件的试验结果对比,对所采用的有限元模型加以验证。在此基础上,进行改变钢筋混凝土核心筒轴压比、高宽比和筒壁厚度的受力过程模拟分析,研究这些参数对筒体性能的影响。结果表明:随着轴压比的增大,筒体的破坏由受拉向受压破坏转变,筒体最大水平承载力经历先增加后减小的变化,延性变差;随着高宽比的增大,筒体破坏形态由剪切向弯曲破坏转变,延性增加,整体弯曲作用更加明显,最大底部剪力减小;随着壁厚的增大,试件破坏由截面压屈失稳向墙肢底部受弯破坏转变,墙肢破坏区域沿高度方向发展,耗能能力更强,承载力明显增大,变形能力显著增加。     

飞行器隔热瓦1200℃性能测试中接触热阻影响仿真与验证

目的 建立统一的飞行器隔热材料性能测试标准。方法 利用数值方法对飞行器隔热瓦1 200℃热环境性能测试中的传热模型进行计算。设计3种不同热导率和表面粗糙度的绝热材料隔热性能对比试验。在考虑接触面间凹凸点完全接触导热、接触间隙介质导热和相邻界面辐射传热联合作用时,能够获得与实测数据基本一致的计算结果。结果 试验证明,接触热阻是导致实测数据与理想传热结果相悖的主要原因。获得了接触热阻条件下热扩散系数随传热过程的变化关系,定量得到了相同测试条件下给定的3种不同热导率与粗糙度底部绝热材料对隔热性能测试结果的影响。结论 测试结果存在较大偏差的主要原因是表面粗糙度所致,两接触面在高温条件下更有利于热流传播。研究结果可为飞行器热防护系统设计与性能考核试验方案的确定提供重要参考依据。     

双掺粉煤灰再生骨料对混凝土强度影响研究

通过试验研究再生骨料混凝土中粉煤灰和再生骨料对混凝土强度的影响。采用粉煤灰替代部分水泥、再生骨料替代部分天然粗骨料的方法,通过正交试验测定混凝土立方体抗压强度的方法,来研究粉煤灰对再生骨料混凝土强度的影响。试验得出:当再生骨料掺量为20%~30%时,粉煤灰的最佳掺量为20%左右;当再生骨料掺量高于40%、粉煤灰掺量高于20%时,其混凝土拌合物搅拌时间不小于240 s,且当粉煤灰在20%~30%时,可获得较理想的混凝土抗压强度;当粉煤灰的掺入量分布在20%~30%、再生骨料的最佳掺量为50%时,可获得较理想的混凝土抗压强度。由此得出,合理的再生骨料、粉煤灰掺量对混凝土的抗压强度影响并不明显且有提高的趋势,对降低混凝土成本,提高建筑垃圾的再生利用,有一定的经济效益和社会效益。     

基于混凝土循环剥落的隧道火灾损伤数值模型研究

为研究混凝土高温剥落对隧道衬砌火灾损伤的影响,在现有隧道结构非线性瞬态热—力耦合有限元模型基础上,提出1种在火灾高温条件下混凝土发生剥落的循环算法,以模拟火灾下衬砌结构截面面积的损失,并引入混凝土临界剥落温度的概念,得出基于混凝土循环剥落的隧道衬砌火灾损伤数值模型建立流程。利用该模型对某隧道衬砌结构进行火灾损伤模拟,并与试验结果进行对比验证。结果表明:火灾下隧道混凝土衬砌结构内逐渐增大的热应力是导致普通混凝土高温剥落的主要原因;可将衬砌受火面是否达到临界剥落温度作为隧道发生高温剥落的充分条件进行火灾损伤分析;模型求解所得的数值模拟结果与现场火灾试验数据基本吻合,验证了其可行性;混凝土高温剥落与否对衬砌结构等效温度应力有较大影响,在隧道衬砌结构抗火性能分析过程中应尽量考虑混凝土高温剥落造成的影响。     

Assessment of Bioenergy Cropping Scenarios for the Boone River Watershed in North Central Iowa,United States

Several biofuel cropping scenarios were evaluated with an improved version of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) as part of the CenUSA Bioenergy consortium for the Boone River Watershed (BRW), which drains about 2,370 km² in north central Iowa. The adoption of corn stover removal, switchgrass, and/or Miscanthus biofuel cropping systems was simulated to assess the impact of cellulosic biofuel production on pollutant losses. The stover removal results indicate removal of 20 or 50% of corn stover in the BRW would have negligible effects on streamflow and relatively minor or negligible effects on sediment and nutrient losses, even on higher sloped cropland. Complete cropland conversion into switchgrass or Miscanthus, resulted in reductions of streamflow, sediment, nitrate, and other pollutants ranging between 23‐99%. The predicted nitrate reductions due to Miscanthus adoption were over two times greater compared to switchgrass, with the largest impacts occurring for tile‐drained cropland. Targeting of switchgrass or Miscanthus on cropland ≥2% slope or ≥7% slope revealed a disproportionate amount of sediment and sediment‐bound nutrient reductions could be obtained by protecting these relatively small areas of higher sloped cropland. Overall, the results indicate that all biofuel cropping systems could be effectively implemented in the BRW, with the most robust approach being corn stover removal adopted on tile‐drained cropland in combination with a perennial biofuel crop on higher sloped landscapes. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

喷水冷却对混凝土受热痕迹显微结构的影响

模拟火灾现场喷水灭火的情况条件,将高温下的混凝土喷水冷却,用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析混凝土的显微结构。研究发现,当受热温度低于300℃时,喷水冷却混凝土的显微结构与空气中自然冷却试样没有明显的差别。当受热温度达到300℃以后,冷却过程中的水会在混凝土中产生新的水化物,显微结构中发现有新的晶体。受热温度越高,新的水化物晶体就越多,同时混凝土的显微结构破坏越严重。这些特征可以用来鉴定火场中遏水冷却混凝土的受热温度。     

Permeability predictions for sand-clogged Portland cement pervious concrete pavement systems

Pervious concrete is an alternative paving surface that can be used to reduce the nonpoint source pollution effects of stormwater runoff from paved surfaces such as roadways and parking lots by allowing some of the rainfall to permeate into the ground below. This infiltration rate may be adversely affected by clogging of the system, particularly clogging or covering by sand in coastal areas. A theoretical relation was developed between the effective permeability of a sand-clogged pervious concrete block, the permeability of sand, and the porosity of the unclogged block. Permeabilities were then measured for Portland cement pervious concrete systems fully covered with extra fine sand in a flume using simulated rainfalls. The experimental results correlated well with the theoretical calculated permeability of the pervious concrete system for pervious concrete systems fully covered on the surface with sand. Two different slopes (2% and 10%) were used. Rainfall rates were simulated for the combination of direct rainfall (passive runoff) and for additional stormwater runoff from adjacent areas (active runoff). A typical pervious concrete block will allow water to pass through at flow rates greater than 0.2 cm/s and a typical extra fine sand will have a permeability of approximately 0.02 cm/s. The limit of the system with complete sand coverage resulted in an effective system permeability of approximately 0.004 cm/s which is similar to the rainfall intensity of a 30 min duration, 100-year frequency event in the southeastern United States. The results obtained are important in designing and evaluating pervious concrete as a paving surface within watershed management systems for controlling the quantity of runoff.