水环境红线划定技术与管控措施初探

国家水环境红线是国家环境质量安全底线这一生态保护红线体系的三大要素之一,是国家生态保护红线中非常重要的组成部分.本文系统总结了国家水环境红线的概念、内涵和特征,重点阐述了国家水环境红线的划定流程和技术方法,并从“质量-排放-风险”全面介绍了国家水环境红线的管控措施,提出了加快推进国家水环境红线管理的3点建议.     

土壤环境红线划定技术方法研究

土壤是人类生存和发展不可缺少的环境要素之一,划定土壤环境质量红线可以有效开发利用和保护土壤资源.在分析国外土壤环境保护经验、总结土壤环境功能和土壤质量评价指标的基础上,研究提出了土壤环境质量红线划定的技术方法,明确了土壤环境质量红线的具体区域,并提出了具体的管控对策.     

石太客运专线安全保障体系的探讨

针对石太客运专线自身的特点,借鉴国外高速铁路安全运行的经验,运用系统工程相关理论,阐述了石太客运专线安全保障体系的安全因素和基本框架的主要内容,并提出了相关的建议.     

东乌铁路建设对沿线生态环境的影响与防治对策

采用3S技术,结合实地调查和收集资料方法,对新建地方铁路内蒙古东胜至乌海线沿线生态环境进行现状评价的基础上,以土地利用、植被类型、野生动物和土壤侵蚀为评价对象,采用类比调查法和定性定量法对铁路建设对沿线生态环境的影响进行了评价,并提出了东乌铁路建设对沿线生态环境影响的减缓措施和保护措施,为铁路工程建设合理设计工程和施工场地提供科学依据.     

“三线一单”纳入城市发展战略环评技术体系研究

将生态保护红线、环境质量底线、资源利用上线和环境准入负面清单（即"三线一单"）环境管理要求纳入战略环境评价（SEA）,是完善城市发展SEA的潜在有效手段,然而如何将两者进行有机结合尚缺乏实践经验.本文探讨了"三线一单"在城市发展SEA各主要评价环节的作用与评价内容,从重点任务和技术流程两方面建构了基于"三线一单"的城市发展SEA评价技术体系,并以鄂尔多斯绿色发展SEA为例进行检验.结果显示,对于鄂尔多斯这类空间尺度大、自然环境和产业发展异质性高的城市,该体系能够有效预防和解决战略实施过程中城镇无序扩张和产业结构失调造成的环境污染、生态功能退化和资源配置低效等问题,并推动完善城市分级分区差异化环境管控.     

Meta‐Analysis of the Effectiveness of Marked Wire in Reducing Avian Collisions with Power Lines

Abstract: Collisions of birds with power transmission and distribution lines have been documented for many species, and cause millions of casualties worldwide. Attempts to reduce mortality from such collisions include placing bird flight diverters (i.e., wire markers in the form of, e.g., spirals, swivels, plates, or spheres) on static and some electrified wires to increase their visibility. Although studies of the effectiveness of such devices have yielded contradictory results, the implementation of flight diverters is increasing rapidly. We reviewed the results of studies in which transmission or distribution wires were marked and conducted a meta‐analysis to examine the effectiveness of flight diverters in reducing bird mortality. We included in our meta‐analysis all studies in which researchers searched for carcasses of birds killed by a collision with wires. In those studies that also included data on flight frequency, we examined 8 covariates of effectiveness: source of data, study design, alternate design (if marked and unmarked spans were alternated in the same line), periodicity of searches for carcasses, width of the search transect, and number of species, lines, and stretches of wire searched. The presence of flight diverters was associated with a decrease in bird collisions. At unmarked lines, there were 0.21 deaths/1000 birds (n =339,830) that flew among lines or over lines. At marked lines, the mortality rate was 78% lower (n =1,060,746). Only the number of species studied had a significant influence on effect size; this was larger in studies that addressed more species. When comparing mortality at marked and unmarked lines, we recommend use of the same time intervals and habitats and standardizing the periodicity of carcass searches.     

基于“天-空-地”一体化的生态保护红线区监管评价体系构建及应用

科学监管评价生态保护红线区生态环境是合理利用自然资源和充分保护生态环境的基础,对推动国家生态文明建设具有重要意义。该研究基于"天-空-地"一体化获取多源数据,结合GIS和RS空间分析,从生态系统格局和质量、人类活动、环境限制4个方面选取25个指标,构建了生物多样性维护生态保护红线区监管评价体系,并以泰山生态保护红线区为例进行分析研究。结果表明:2000—2015年,研究区生态系统格局、生态系统质量、人类活动状况3个分指数得分及生态环境综合得分均呈现先降后升的趋势,就综合得分而言,2000—2005年、2005—2010年得分降幅分别为18. 73%和5. 24%,2010年得分最低(41. 97分),而2010—2015年得分增幅为81. 63%,2015年得分为76. 23分,生态环境综合得分评价等级由Ⅱ级升为Ⅰ级。其中城乡居民和工矿用地面积占比、生态系统破碎度和分离度、植被生物量是影响研究区生态环境的关键指标,相关部门应加强对研究区边界处人类活动的监管,并注重生态系统完整性和植被生长状态的保护。该监管评价体系具有较强的实践性、科学性和可操作性,可为生态保护红线区的监管评价提供新思路...     

南水北调中线工程陕西水源区生态补偿机制研究

构建受水区补偿与水源区生态环境保护的互动关系对跨流域调水生态服务市场的形成及饮用水源的保护具有关键性的作用。论文以南水北调中线陕西水源区为研究对象,分析陕西水源区保护生态环境与生存权、发展权的矛盾,明确了生态补偿的思路、客体、主体;计算分析了陕西水源区的水土保持生态补偿标准及受水区与水源区之间的补偿资金的分摊比例;依据国家生态补偿政策、法律条文及陕西水源区生态功能区的特点提出了多元化、多层次的补偿途径。     

Cell absorption induced desorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants from digested soil residue

Oral ingestion of contaminated soil is an important pathway of human exposure to hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), particularly for children in developing countries. The mobilization potential of various contaminants from ingested soil is often characterized using an in vitro gastrointestinal model, based on the quantities of contaminants remaining in digestive fluid after digestion and separation. Recently, it was experimentally demonstrated that a large fraction of mobilized contaminants sorbed on the digested residue could be released if the dissolved fraction was removed by intestinal absorption. This hypothesis was further tested in this study. Soil spiked with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDXs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was digested using an in vitro gastrointestinal model. A human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) was cultured in digestive fluid with or without soil residue (pre-equilibrated with the soil) for 2 h. A large proportion of the contaminants (37-68%) was sorbed on the digested residue. Without this residue, 66 ± 13% of DDXs and 73 ± 14% of PAHs dissolved in the fluid, as means and standard deviations, were absorbed by the cell monolayer after exposure. With both digestive fluid and residue, the sorbed fraction of PAHs and DDXs decreased by 38-92%, while the ratios of the cellular to the dissolved concentrations were 2.7-2.8 times higher than those without the residue. This supported the hypothesis that the cell absorption of dissolved HOCs induces desorption of the sorbed fraction from digestive residue, and the desorbed HOCs can be absorbed as well.     

涂敷生产线有机废气的治理

特种平带涂敷生产线烘干工段排放大量多种组分有机废气，通过对冷凝法、吸附法和燃烧法等治理方法分析比较，采用催化燃烧法治理该废气达到预期效果。