淮河干流岸边带生态健康遥感评估

结合高分辨率遥感影像在岸边带范围提取、生态系统高精度分类、生态结构特征提取方面的优势,将景观结构指数纳入岸边带生态健康评估指标体系,从生态功能、生态结构和生态胁迫三个方面对淮河干流岸边带生态健康状况进行全面调查评估.评价结果显示,淮河干流岸边带生态健康指数低于0.3,生态健康状况总体处于较差水平,并具有明显的空间走向特征,从上游到中游呈现出生态环境状况逐渐变差、再略有改善的趋势.通过对淮河干流岸边带生态环境问题的分析,认为人类开发强度大、植被覆盖率低、自然岸线保有率低、人为干扰强度大是造成淮河干流岸边带生态健康状况较差的主要原因.     

Analysis of deforestation pattern in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria

This study examines deforestation in a part of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria between 1987 and 2013 using remote sensing data and geographic information systems. The results indicate an increasing rate of deforestation, an increasing rate of water body loss and a decreasing rate of exposed surface/settlement increase. The results also show that the rate at which cropland/secondary vegetation is increasing is above average while sandbar is increasing below average. The implications of these changes include environmental degradation resulting from loss of biodiversity and loss of forest goods and services. These losses can also affect the social and economic conditions of local people. The study recommends that policies and strategies targeted at slowing down the rate of forest loss and degradation should be pursued.     

Translating land-use science to a museum exhibit

For land-use science to engage the general public it must successfully translate its concepts and conclusions and make them public outside of traditional scientific venues. Here we explore science-art exhibits, which blend artistic presentations with specific scientific data or themes, as a possible effective way of communicating scientific information and disrupting misconceptions. We describe the process of producing a science-art exhibit on remote sensing and Puerto Rican landscape history from 1937 to the present, sited at a rural Puerto Rican community museum, and examine the visitor experience and educational outcomes of the museum exhibit through analysis of survey data. The exhibit project engaged undergraduate students from a variety of academic backgrounds, introduced land-use science concepts to the public in an engaging format, and was effective at reshaping visitors’ misconceptions of Puerto Rico’s landscape change history.     

The impacts of warfare and armed conflict on land systems

ABSTRACT

Land-use decisions can change abruptly in response to shocks, and warfare and armed conflicts are among the most drastic and globally frequent shocks. Yet, our understanding of where armed conflict affects land systems, how land-use patterns are impacted, and how far-reaching and persistent these changes are, is partial. We used a spatially detailed dataset on armed conflict and a literature review to explore these questions. A number of key insights emerged from our study: (1) warfare and armed conflict affect land systems mainly in more densely populated areas, regardless of the dominating land use; (2) warfare and armed conflict can impact land systems in major ways, but these effects are diverse and not unidirectional; (3) warfare and armed conflict primarily affects land systems locally, but can forge telecouplings; and (4) although the impact of warfare and armed conflict is often immediate, it can instigate long-lasting land-use legacies.     

Studies on reflective features of Norway spruce and their possible applications in remote sensing of forest damage∗

Reflective features of Norway spruce have been studied as a part of a multi‐level experiment in order to assess and to develop methods for early forecasting of forest damages by remote sensing. Discoloration and histological changes were investigated by high resolution reflectance spectroscopy and true‐color image interpretation of histological cuts, respectively. Major changes of reflectances were detected in the visible spectral range 480–680 nm depending on degree of tree's damages and/or needle discoloration. Related histological changes depending on degree of tree's damage were hypertrophy of chloroplasts, plasmolysis and partial loss of compartmentalization. Development and use of several highly sensitive channels with narrow bandwidths between 480 and 680 nm, e.g. 480, 550, 680, 760 nm, for early assessment of forest damages by remote sensing could be recommended.     

1985-2010年南京市耕地变化轨迹及驱动力分析

随着经济的快速发展,城市化程度加剧,南京市的土地利用发生了巨大变化.基于1985-2010年覆盖南京市的Landsat MSS/TM卫星影像,利用最大似然法获取南京市历年土地利用数据,将其归纳为耕地和非耕地2类.基于分类结果,提取并归纳了恒定耕地、恒定非耕地、转变为耕地、转变为非耕地和短暂性耕地5种耕地类型的变化趋势,借助景观水平上的斑块占景观面积的比例以及散布与并列指数来分析5种耕地类型变化趋势的景观格局时空动态,以说明耕地扩张和遗弃的时空轨迹.结果表明：（1） 1985-2010年,耕地面积减少40.42％;（2）恒定耕地面积在方位3所占比例最大,为56.89％,转变为非耕地主要分布在方位1、6和8,揭示了城市扩张的主要方向;（3）恒定耕地类型主要分布于六合区,面积为895.92 km2,转变为非耕地主要分布于江宁区;（4）恒定非耕地集中于市中心附近,而恒定耕地则远离市中心分布;（5）恒定耕地仍占主导地位,转变为非耕地具有较高破碎度.短暂性耕地面积不稳定,较易发生土地撂荒乃至土地退化;（6）人口与产业重心转移、经济发展、政策和城市扩张是显著影响耕地空间格局的关键因素.     

饮用水源地非点源风险遥感提取及定量评估

基于高空间分辨率卫星数据,以面向对象分类方法结合人工解译方法获得我国25个典型湖库型饮用水源地保护区的非点源风险空间分布,并基于水源地非点源风险指数(NPPRI)对非点源风险进行定量评价. 结果表明,我国典型水源地一级保护区与二级保护区内居民点、开采用地、农田类用地等非点源风险普遍存在,部分水源地还存在水产养殖、旅游用地、畜禽养殖等风险源. 在监测的25个水源地中,水源地非点源风险隐患为高、较高、偏高、中度、低的比例分别为12%、4%、44%、20%、20%,风险隐患中度及以下的为40%,偏高及以上的为60%,说明水源地中非点源风险隐患总体明显. 另一方面,25个水源地中,非点源风险指数最大为42.0,最小为0.8,表明全国水源地非点源风险现状差异较大,需引起重视. 水源地非点源风险的大小与保护区面积没有正相关关系,各水源地非点源风险程度在全国的空间分布没有明显的空间分布格局,而主要和水源地与城市距离、当地相关部门对水源地重视程度、配套的管理措施及历史状况等因素相关.      

藏北草地地上生物量及遥感监测模型研究

草地退化已成为藏北地区面临的主要生态环境问题。为了定量监测草地生物量和退化草地的生物量动态变化,利用2004 年8—9 月藏北地区草地地上生物量最大时期的地面实测数据,分析了其地上生物量大小和空间分布特征,在此基础上,结合同期的Terra MODIS植被指数数据,建立了草地地上生物量的遥感监测和估算模型。主要结论如下:①由于受高寒气候、土壤、水分等环境因素的限制,8—9 月藏北地区平均草地地上生物量较小,为96.88g/m²,其中绿色鲜草的比重在80%以上;不同区域不同草地类型地上生物量差异很大,范围在37.10~589.12 g/m²,平均而言,高寒沼泽化草甸的地上生物量最大,达356.84 g/m²,其次是温性草原(64.48 g/m²)和高寒草甸(61.61 g/m²),高寒草原草地最低,为48.87 g/m²;②基于MODIS NDVI的合成、生长型、指数函数、逻辑斯谛等4 个模型是估算藏北草地地上生物量的最优模型;③生物量的空间分布呈东南向西北减少态势,东南部部分地段在100 g/m²以上,西北部则在20 g/m²以下。     

盐城海滨湿地植被地上生物量遥感估算研究

以盐城湿地自然保护区核心区的ETM+图像数据和同期野外实测的31 个样方地上生物量干重、湿重数据为数据源,分析了15 个遥感信息变量与湿地植被地上生物量干重、湿重的相关关系,并选择在0.01 水平上显著相关的8 个遥感变量建立一元线性回归模型、一元曲线回归模型以及多元逐步回归模型,并对比得出最优模型,进而计算出整个研究区的地上生物量。研究得出：①与研究区湿地植被地上生物量干重和湿重相关性最大的都是ETM+4 波段,干重的相关系数为0.833,湿重的相关系数为0.796;②研究区植被地上生物量干重和湿重的遥感估算模型都是一元三次函数模型,且干重模型的拟合精度要优于湿重模型;③得到研究区地上生物量干重总重量为2.28×10⁸ kg,湿重总重量为6.10×10⁸ kg。     

强震区小流域泥石流发育特征研究——以四川省绵竹市罗家沟泥石流为例

小流域泥石流因流域面积小,常被人们忽略或未引起足够的重视,却往往造成较大灾害损失;2010年8月13日绵竹市清平乡罗家沟暴发泥石流,一次冲出量约30万m3,而该沟流域面积仅1.4 km2;此次泥石流造成主沟沟口民房被掩埋,1.5 km的道路被毁,3座涵洞、一座小桥被冲毁,并使绵远河改道约200 m左右,直接经济损失约500万.根据现场调查和航空图像解译,分析了泥石流成因,讨论了泥石流形成、运动和堆积过程,并计算了泥石流的力学参数;罗家沟泥石流的实例表明汶川震区小流域泥石流具有较强的隐蔽性和破坏力.因此,在对汶川震区泥石流开展调查和评估工作时,尤其应注意小流域泥石流调查工作,必要时应进行相应的工程治理措施.