The potential of remote sensing data for decision makers at the state, local and tribal level: experiences from NASA’s Synergy program

NASA’s Earth Observation System (EOS) satellite data are contributing to the development of policy relevant, remote sensing applications. To promote the use of EOS data for application development, NASA funded the Synergy program in 2000 in partnership with academia, end users, and industry. Three examples of remote sensing applications from the Synergy program are presented here and include agriculture, range management, and water resource management. These examples show that remote sensing products have the potential to be useful to a variety of decision makers and policy makers because of the opportunity to reduce chemicals in the environment, improve crop yields and better manage range lands and water resources. Transitioning from research and development to successful applications must overcome challenges such as the lack of awareness by end users of these technologies, inadequate feedback mechanism between application developers and end users, and unproven cost benefits of remote sensing data. Experience from the Synergy program indicates that these issues could be mitigated by educating and training end users, demonstrating the utility of remote sensing data in improving decision making, and establishing and maintaining a continuous dialogue between developers and end users. Sustainability of remote sensing applications ultimately depends on users continuing reliance on products and benefits from remote sensing data. The Synergy program also demonstrates that remote sensing data sets that are collected primarily for global change research contribute to the development of applications in a variety of disciplines at the regional and local level.     

辽东湾MODIS生物光学算法研究(I) 算法适用性评估

辽东湾是典型的复杂二类水体,我们利用2002~2004年在辽东湾现场实测的叶绿素a数据(分光法、荧光法和HPLC法),以及水面之上法现场实测的离水辐射率和遥感反射率数据模拟的MODIS各相应波段值对MODIS海洋水色算法进行了评估。评估的MODIS生物光学算法有四个,即CZCS_pigm、chlor_MODIS、chlor_a_2和chlor_a_3算法。结果表明,两个一类水体生物光学算法(CZCS_pigm和chlor_MODIS)反演值与分光法和荧光法测试分析结果相比,算法均低估了叶绿素a浓度,与HPLC分析结果相比算法高估了叶绿素a浓度;两个二类水体算法(chlor_a_2和chlor_a_3)与所有叶绿素a分析方法相比,均高估了叶绿素a浓度。根据MODIS生物光学算法在辽东湾的具体表现,我们认为HPLC法分析的叶绿素a浓度更适合于作为海洋水色算法评估的现场检验依据。叶绿素a浓度的反演值和实测值之间较低的相关系数则显示MODIS两个一类水体算法所采用的波段比值不适合本海区。     

Vegetation monitoring using different scale of remote sensing data

This work sets out to simulate landscape model of Mu Us Desert in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China at different spatial resolution using remote sensing images and distinguished landscape heterogeneity among different spatial resolutions. Landscape models were created from classification image of SPOT satellite data with 20m resolution and NOAA data with 1 km resolution. This study created landscape models of different scales by resampling the SPOT classified image using majority rule. The pixel resolution was increased from the finest scale of 20m by 20m up to 1000m by 1000m that was the coarsest spatial resolution. The Shannon diversity index was used to compare landscape models between different scales. At the finer scale the verify small patches such as deciduous forest, shrub and reedswamp with high vegetation coverage set on matrices with low vegetation cover (moving sand dune and sparse grassland) were verified. Broadening of scale resulted to the loss of small patches and at 1000m resolution, matrix classes were dominant. At 1km resolution of NOAA data, the matrix classes which greatly related to the topography of Mu Us Desert were detected. Diversity index decreased during scale broadening and the difference between SPOT 1km scale model and AVHRR data was not significant. The results showed that SPOT 20m model is good for the use of ecotone oriented revegetation planning, and NOAA 1km model is good for the seasonal and annual monitoring of each landscape unit, and revegetation planning at the regional level.     

基于3S技术的环境污染治理对策论应用模型研究

探讨了基于3S技术的现代空间信息系统支持下的对策论多元合作对策费用分摊策略问题。首先．从对策论基本原理出发，分析了费用分摊对策模型。针对大气环境污染防治多元决策问题，提出了采用3S综合集成技术确定污染源及盛行污染路径、确定污染区域面积和污染损失、污染损失费用分摊分析模型与方法。介绍了模型在大气环境污染防治多元决策领域中的应用实例。3S技术为对策论模型提供科学决策数据，有效地解决对策论应用中的瓶颈问题。     

Landscape dynamitic change in Mu Us Desert derived from Landsat TM data

Landscpae ecology emphasizes large areas and ecological effects of the spatial patterning of ecosystem.Recent developments in landscape ecology emphasized the important relationship between spatial patterns and many ecological processes.Quantitative methods in landscape ecology link spatial patterns and ecological processes at broad spatial and temporal scales.In turn the increased attention on temoral change of ecosystem has highlighted the need for quantitative methods that can analyze patterns.This research applies quantitative methods-change detection to assess the ecosystem temporal change in the arid and semiarid area.Remote sensing offers the temporal change of ecosystem on landscape characteristics.     

黑龙江省生态环境现状遥感野外核查

为了解黑龙江省的自然资源及生态环境,对黑龙江省进行了生态环境现状遥感野外核查.在充分论证了核查路线的科学性及合理性后确立了355个核查点,并利用遥感技术和地理信息技术对其进行了复核,核查成果对黑龙江省生态环境的规划、管理和决策起到了辅助作用.     

甘肃省土地荒漠化状况及分析

采用"多因子数量化评价法"荒漠化评价指标体系,以TM卫星影象数据和1∶5万地形图为调查图,通过建立解译标志库,使用Arcview软件判读解译卫星影象数据和现地调查的方法,对甘肃省荒漠化区域内37个县区于2004年进行了第三次荒漠化监测研究;并在对1999年甘肃省第二次荒漠化监测和2004年第三次荒漠化监测的方法和结果对比分析基础上,对荒漠化土地发展趋势进行了分析结果表明,甘肃省荒漠化土地总面积为19347753.7 hm2,其中风蚀土地面积15619416.6 hm2、水蚀土地面积2881997.2 hm2、盐渍化土地面积691383.5 hm2、冻融土地面积154956.4 hm2;监测区域内荒漠化土地总面积较1999年减少232564.35 hm2,年逆转率0.21%;1999～2004年间土地荒漠化有所逆转,荒漠化程度减轻.     

遥感解译分析矿山开发对生态环境的影响

本文利用美国陆地资源卫星提供的TM，遥感信息，解译分析了鞍山市矿产开发对生态环境的影响。结果表明：鞍山市矿山生态严重破坏区域总面积6454．27hm^2。在此基础上提出了矿山生态重建对策及建议。     

内蒙古多伦县土地利用动态遥感监测应用研究

在内蒙古多伦县两轮土地利用现状调查中，利用多时相卫星图象（TM）数据。根据多伦地区各类地物的波谱特征。采用了假彩色合成及比值假彩色合成等遥感图象处理方法，建立了土地利用动态监测解译标志。在地理信息系统技术的支持下。对多伦地区土地利用的空间分布和面积进行了详细的解译和测算。制成动态遥感监测图。本文为多伦县地方政府提供了真实可靠的各类土地利用现状的数据。为土地的合理利用及沙化治理提出了相应的对策。     

珠江口海岸线变化的遥感监测

珠江口、香港及澳门地区海岸线的变化近十几年来十分迅速 ,采用常规方法及时、定量地测量这种变化十分困难。本研究应用多时相Landsat卫星遥感图像 ,采用神经网络分类方法 ,监测海岸线的变化并计算增长的陆地面积。结果表明 ,人为的围海造田 ,香港、澳门机场及相关高速公路、港口等设施的建设是海岸线变化的最主要原因。