基于遗传模拟退火算法的频率指配算法研究

在复杂电磁环境中进行频率指配是频谱管理中极为重要且困难的研究课题。提出了一种基于遗传模拟退火算法的频率指配算法,以基本遗传算法为基础,采用自适应的交叉概率和变异概率,将遗传操作和模拟退火操作相结合,从而克服了一般遗传算法的不足,可有效避免陷入局部最优并最终趋于全局优化。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该算法能够给整个无线电网络合理地指配频率,同时能有效地控制算法自身的收敛速度,与传统的指配算法相比,新算法在指配效果上有了很大的提高。     

Culpable versus non-culpable traffic accidents; what is wrong with this picture?

INTRODUCTION: It is often implicitly or explicitly assumed in traffic accident research that drivers with accidents designated as non-culpable are a random sample from the population. However, this assumption is dependent upon differences in the criterion used for culpability. If drivers are erroneously categorized by assuming randomness, results could be grossly misleading. METHOD: The assumption of randomness leads to two predictions: first, no correlation should exist between culpable and non-culpable crashes; and second, the accident groups should differ on the variables known to be associated with accidents, such as amount of driving experience. These predictions were tested in two samples of bus drivers. RESULTS: It was found that in a sample with a harsh criterion (70% culpable accidents) for crash responsibility, the drivers with non-culpable accidents had the features expected, namely, they were more experienced for example, while in a sample with a lenient criterion (50 % culpable), this was not so. DISCUSSION: It was concluded that similar studies to the present one would need to be undertaken to establish exactly what percentage of drivers in a given population should be assigned culpable accidents, and construct a criterion that yields this ratio. Otherwise, the theoretical assumptions of randomness and non-responsibility will probably be violated to some degree. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Many estimates of risk of crash involvement may have been wrong. Given the potential for erroneous criteria, a number of studies may make invalid assumptions from their data.     

基于机会约束规划的航班应急调度问题研究

为应对民航突发情况,保障民航运行安全,提出应急调度这一概念。阐述常规情况下航班调度基本模型,分析其在应急情况下的弊端。引入机会约束,构建应对突发状况的应急调度模型。研究兼顾航空公司成本、航班运行安全及旅客随机需求的机型分配问题(FAP)模型和机组排班问题(CSP)模型。比较混合智能算法、隐枚举法、等价转化法的优缺点及适用度。根据案例数据,使用Matlab软件编程,并采用随机模拟与粒子群(PSO)算法相结合的智能算法对模型求解。结果表明,机会约束规划模型在考虑随机因素的情况下,比基本模型更符合实际动态环境。     

关于修改《水污染防治法》的几点思考

以现代环境伦理观为指导分析修改水污染防治立法目的,然后以水权体系构建水环境管理权体系来完善水污染防治管理体制,最后从法律责任方式角度提出了完善水污染防治法律责任制度的建议,以期促进水污染防治法的完善,保障和改善我们赖以生存的水环境。     

Sustainable development in four Swedish communities priorities, responsibility, empowerment

The aims were to identify sustainable development priorities and perceived responsibility of sustainable development issues. Differences in opinions between politicians, officials, environmental representatives and the public in four Swedish municipalities were analysed. Sustainable development issues were perceived as more important on the global level than on the municipal and family levels. Among the most important issues on both the global and family levels were clean air, fresh water, and health, whereas decision-making, co-operation, and participation were considered most important on the municipal level. The highest responsibility for sustainable development issues was placed on governments and global organizations and the lowest on the individual. The public felt less individual responsibility and less possibility to influence than did the other groups. The correlation between importance and responsible on municipal and world levels was high but low on the individual level. The responsibility for the most important issue on the family level (clean air) was placed on governments and global organizations. An attitude change is needed to increase responsibility for issues ranked low on individual responsibility. To further raise the awareness of global sustainable development issues, an increased concentration on locally based international co-operation projects is suggested.     

Property rights and grassland degradation: a study of the Xilingol pasture, Inner Mongolia, China

The semi-private property rights arrangement called the Household Production Responsibility System (HPRS) was started in the early 1980s in Xilingol pasture of Inner Mongolia (China), and stimulated the development of stockbreeding. The grassland has been degrading severely with increasing numbers of livestock. Based on a historical review of property rights regimes in Inner Mongolia and empirical surveys in Xilingol pasture during 2001-2003, this paper assesses the implementation of HPRS and its impacts on incomes of households as well as the environmental impact on the grassland. It was found that HPRS does not mitigate the "Tragedy of the Commons", instead it has exacerbated the situation. It was also found that co-management of grassland and livestock among a few households presents a sustainable use of grassland to develop livestock breeding. We conclude with the recommendation that small-scale collective property rights systems should be encouraged in Xilingol pasture of Inner Mongolia.     

基于新一代测序技术的A2O与BIOLAK活性污泥宏基因组比较分析

本研究是A2O(anaerobic/anoxic/oxic,厌氧/缺氧/好氧)与百乐克(BIOLAK)活性污泥宏基因组比较分析的首份报告.在百乐克和A2O活性污泥宏基因组中,分别检测到47个和51个门类,超过了澳大利亚强化生物除磷(enhanced biological phosphorus removal,EBPR)、美国强化生物除磷和Bibby活性污泥中所检测到的生物类群.百乐克活性污泥中所发现的门类,均在A2O活性污泥中检测到.但是,有4个门类仅在A2O活性污泥中出现.Ignavibacteriae门在A2O活性污泥宏基因组中的比例(2.044 0%)是百乐克活性污泥(0.637 6%)的3.2倍.与此同时,芽单胞菌门在百乐克活性污泥宏基因组中的比例是2.467 3%,比其在A2O活性污泥中的比例(0.140 4%)高出17倍多;衣原体门在百乐克活性污泥宏基因组中的比例是0.219 2%,比其在A2O活性污泥中的比例(0.036 0%)高出6倍多.另外,在属的层级,有167个属仅在A2O活性污泥中检出;与此同时,有50个属仅发现于百乐克活性污泥中.因此,在门和属的层级,A2O与百乐克活性污泥的生物群落均存在巨大差异.然而,在百乐克和A2O两个活性污泥中,与氮、磷、硫和芳香族化合物代谢相关的功能基因比例均是非常接近的.此外,两个活性污泥中KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia for Genes and Genomes,京都基因与基因组百科全书)所有6个类别的排序均相同.同时,氮代谢相关的功能基因分类和通路分析表明,高丰度酶在百乐克和A2O宏基因组中具有相同的排序.因此,A2O和百乐克活性污泥宏基因组比较分析显示,两个不同的生物群落具有相似的功能分配.     

应急救援多目标时限指派模型

为实现应急救援队伍的合理派遣,对应急救援队伍的救援效率、救援物资消耗、最佳救援时间等因素进行分析。突出应急救援的时效性和救援目标的多属性特征,提出在保证应急救援最短时限的前提下,以应急救援效率最大化、物资消耗最小化为优化目标,构建最短时限应急救援多目标指派模型。采用线性加权和法将多目标化为单目标决策问题,运用两阶段法对模型进行求解。数值计算结果表明:最短时限的引入能有效实现应急救援队伍合理、公平派遣。     

北京城建集团强化安全管理控制重大伤亡事故的三点作法

介绍了北京城建集团总公司在安全管理方面的几点作法。几年前，因体制改变和安全管理方面的欠缺与不适应等原因，曾发生多起设备垮塌、人员伤亡事故。在血的教训中，从抓组织建设、教育、培训、法规措施入手，把安全工作层层分解、落到实处、奖罚分明，建立并完善了一整套安全管理模式。