任务驱动式教学模式在办公软件应用课程中的实践

"任务驱动式教学模式"主要通过不同程度的任务激发学生的学习主动性,以学生的主动学习为基础,教师的点拨、重点讲解为提升,学生的相互学习为辅助的一种教学模式.通过综合任务的完成,将学生所学知识与实际应用结合起来.它不仅激发了学生的学习兴趣,培养了学生的学习主动性、自学能力、独立解决问题的能力、协作能力,还充分发挥教师的主导作用.此教学模式已应用于<办公软件应用>课程的教学,经过三届学生的实验应用,取得良好的教学效果.     

Effect of Vegetation Matrix on Animal Dispersal: Genetic Evidence from a Study of Endangered Skinks

Abstract:  Maintaining connectivity in fragmented landscapes is a key principle of biological conservation. Although corridors are a widely accepted approach to connecting populations, their merits are still debated, and they may be impractical in many situations. A focus on management of the vegetation matrix between populations has been advocated as an alternative way to deal with habitat fragmentation and has theoretical support. We combined microsatellite DNA and demographic data to provide an empirical account of how two forms of agricultural land use affect the connectivity of insular populations of an endangered skink in southern New Zealand. The grand skink ( Oligosoma grande ) lives in small populations (approximately 20 individuals) on rock outcrops separated from one another by 50–150 m of inhospitable matrix vegetation (either native tussock grassland or exotic pasture). Skinks typically dispersed short distances, and the nature of the matrix both quantitatively and qualitatively affected dispersal dynamics. Skink populations in pasture were significantly more genetically structured and had less genetic variation than similar populations in tussock, implying less dispersal between populations in pasture than tussock. Furthermore, although female-biased dispersal was a feature of populations in tussock, no sex bias was evident in pasture. In addition, Bayesian individual-based genetic assignment tests that incorporated prior mark-recapture information revealed that some populations produced many emigrants but received few immigrants, whereas other populations were relatively insular. Patterns of dispersal and response to matrix vegetation were complex, and the causes of these patterns deserve attention in future studies of habitat fragmentation. Managing the vegetation matrix may be a practical way to connect animal populations in some situations.     

Importance of Assessing Population Genetic Structure before Eradication of Invasive Species: Examples from Insular Norway Rat Populations

Abstract:  Determining the inter-island migration abilities of pest species and delimiting eradication units enable more viable long-term eradication campaigns because recurrent colonization from neighboring islands is avoided. We examined the genetic structure of the invasive Norway rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) to identify gene flow between islands and delimit population units at different geographical scales. We investigated variation in eight microsatellite loci in rat populations from 18 islands, representing five archipelagos off the Brittany coast (France). Although most of the islands are isolated from each other, short genetic distances, weak F_ST values between close islands, and a high level of cross-assignment showed that individuals collected on different islands could represent a single population unit. A Bayesian clustering method also supported the existence of high levels of gene flow between some neighboring islands. Thus, the statement "one island equals one population" can be false when inter-island distances are less than a few hundred meters. Genetic studies enable the definition of island clusters among which migration may occur that should be considered eradication units. To avoid reinvasion and to minimize ecological and economic costs, rats on all islands in an eradication unit should be eradicated simultaneously. We suggest that the genetic monitoring we performed here can be applied for management of any pest.     

基于容量损失的交叉航路高度层分配

我国空中交通网络越来越复杂,航路交叉点附近的冲突日益增多,调配冲突时需令航空器改变高度层,这却会导致航路容量损失。计算了航空器改变高度层时对其他高度层造成的容量损失系数,并在此基础上以最小化容量损失为目标建立模型,设计了启发式算法,以航路交叉点附近的4架有冲突的航空器为例进行仿真计算。仿真结果表明,该模型可以根据航路各高度层实时飞行流密集情况,求出使航路总容量损失系数达到最小的航空器避让方案,从而减少航路上的容量损失,提高空域资源利用率。     

落实排污单位主体责任,全面推进排污许可制度改革——对《水污染防治行动计划》的解读

《水污染防治行动计划》提出要全面推行排污许可制度。文章指出法律约束力不强、制度定位不明确、许可量核定方法不统一是现行排污许可制度未发挥效用的主要原因,进而对许可条件、许可内容、许可量核定等关键问题进行了分析。根据前述分析,文章提出推进排污许可制度改革的建议,应当构建基于排污许可的点源污染管理体系,以排放量核算为重点,结合总量控制制度、排污权交易制度,强调落实排污单位主体责任,严格执法与处罚。     

国际贸易隐含碳研究文献综述

随着全球经济化和贸易化进程的加快,国际社会对贸易中的隐含碳这一热点问题进行了大量研究.梳理了隐含碳的概念及估算方法,首先对隐含碳概念以及渊源进行阐述;其次,归纳分析3种碳排放责任的认定原则,由此判定共同负责制应是断定一国隐含碳责任的依据;第三,对目前3种估算隐含碳的方法进行比较分析;最后对贸易与环境的影响关系研究进行评述.     

生产者责任延伸制度EPR下废旧轮胎循环利用研究

技术和制度是资源循环利用中的两大关键点。为了提高资源循环利用率,做好这两点缺一不可。目前,我国在废旧轮胎的回收和利用制度方面尚不完善,需要出台相关的法律法规从源头上规范废旧轮胎再生利用的各个环节,生产者责任延伸制度EPR即是其中重要一环。重点介绍了发达国家和地区在废旧轮胎循环利用中的一些经验,并对我国在废旧轮胎管理制度上提出建议。     

全生命周期视角下中国建筑碳排放空间关联网络演化及影响因素分析

基于全生命周期视角核算2011~2019年中国省际建筑碳排放量,采用社会网络分析方法,探究碳排放空间关联网络演化及其影响因素.结果表明：①中国建筑碳排放空间关联网络形态明显存在,网络密度和网络关联数逐渐上升,网络紧密性和稳定性逐渐提高.②上海、浙江、天津、北京和江苏处于碳排放空间关联网络的核心和支配地位.③北京、天津、江苏、内蒙古、上海和山东属于“净受益”板块,接收其他地区的建筑碳排放;广东、重庆、福建和浙江属于“经纪人”板块,实现了建筑碳排放生产端和消费端的动态平衡;其余省份均扮演“净溢出”角色,主动向外省发出建筑碳排放量.板块间的关联关系远大于板块内部的关联关系.④经济发展、空间邻接关系、城镇化、建筑业过程结构和产业结构差异对建筑碳排放空间关联产生显著影响.研究结果可为建筑业区域协同减排提供参考.     

The efficiency of using non-culpable crash-claim involvements from insurance data as a means of estimating travel exposure for road user sub-groups

Introduction

Induced exposure has a long history of development and usage in traffic safety research but a major question has always concerned the extent to which the accumulation of culpable and non-culpable involvements can be considered independent.

Method

Culpability assessments of 32,630 vehicles' crash-claim involvements adjudicated by insurance adjusters were matched with vehicle odometer readings taken at emission testing using consistent identification of vehicles and principal operators over a 5-year period.

Result

It was found that the accumulation of culpable crash involvements was not entirely independent of that for non-culpable involvements. However, the rate of non-culpable involvements was determined to be an acceptable surrogate for travel exposure rate where sample sizes were large.

Discussion

The relationship between the rate of non-culpable involvements and the rate of travel exposure for data subsets when both were normalized by the overall sample rates was reminiscent of an accident-volume curve for roadway locations in traffic engineering theory. This suggested that only a portion of non-culpable involvements actually related directly to travel and this lead to a correction factor that could be applied.

Impact on Industry

While lack of independence of involvement rates may be problematic for a direct risk ratio application, it does not invalidate the use of non-culpable involvements to predict travel. For insurers that have a need to estimate travel amounts for different driver/vehicle groups as part of the insurance rating purposes, this can be a useful application.     

International aspects of recycling of electrical and electronic equipment: material circulation in the East Asian region

This article examines the present circumstances of recycling of end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment discarded in Japan from the domestic and international viewpoints of material circulation. It is pointed out that some of the discarded items are absorbed into an invisible flow by informal economic activities, being exported in the form of secondhand equipment and secondary materials. Since the equipment has a pollution potential as well as a resource potential, it is anticipated that the pollution potential may possibly be realized if the equipment is mishandled at recycling plants in developing countries. To reduce the invisible flow as much as possible and to reduce the pollution potential from diffusion in developing countries, a policy tool such as extended producer responsibility should be applied to retailers of the equipment, as well as to producers.