不同形态的砷水生生物基准探讨及在辽河流域的初步应用

有毒元素砷在我国各流域分布广泛,主要包括三价和五价两种价态,其毒性差别很大,目前我国缺乏本土的砷水质基准研究,而国外的砷水质基准多以总砷表示,科学性有待商榷.因此,本文分别搜集了三价砷、五价砷和总砷对我国本土水生生物的毒性数据,共获得三价砷12属12种,五价砷18种23属,以及总砷25属29种的合格数据.利用美国环保局推荐的物种敏感度排序法,通过数据分析得出,三价砷的急性和慢性基准阈值分别为84.26μg·L-1和56.55μg·L-1,五价砷的急性和慢性基准阈值分别为1171μg·L-1和633.3μg·L-1,总砷的急性和慢性基准阈值分别为264.4μg·L-1和150.7μg·L-1;总砷的基准阈值与美国现行砷基准值相当,而五价砷基准阈值与三价砷基准阈值体现出数量级的差异,因此,需要分价态考虑砷基准的制定.基于推算的砷基准阈值,用商值法评价了辽河流域枯水期总砷暴露的生态风险.检测结果表明,辽河的总砷暴露浓度范围在2.6~82.4μg·L-1之间,全部位点均无风险,但西辽河段上游支流两点位的砷浓度分别超出三价砷慢性基准阈值的1.20和1.45倍,表明可能存在潜在的砷暴露风险.     

镉对沉水植物硝酸还原酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

研究了重金属污染物镉对４种沉水植物（红线草，金鱼藻，黑藻和菹草）硝酸还原酶和超氧化物歧化酶的分子毒理学效应。实验结果表明，一定浓度的镉能诱导沉水植物的硝酸还原酶活性，抑制沉水植物超氧化物歧化酶活性，从而破坏其抗氧化防御系统。镉对沉水植物的毒害存在明显的剂量／效应关系。建议以硝酸还原酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性变化作为沉水植物受重金属污染的生态毒理学指标。     

The potential for improvements in energy efficiency and CO2 emissions in the EU27 cement industry and the relationship with the capital budgeting decision criteria

This paper performs a cost-effectiveness analysis of some of the best available technologies (BAT) that can contribute to decreasing the energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in the European Union’s (EU27) cement industry. Several capital budgeting decision criteria have been used (the payback period, the net present value and the internal rate of return) to study whether or not an investment should be considered worthwhile. The results show that, independent of the capital budgeting decision criteria used, the number of cost-effective retrofitting possibilities available is large compared to the rate of improvements that the industry undertakes annually. This shows the insensitivity of the industry to financial criteria when it comes to making their investment decisions. The possible thermal energy improvement in the clinker production, if all these BATs were implemented, has been quantified to be around 10%. This achievement would place the cement industry in the upper bound of the benchmark range for clinker manufacture. However considering the delays observed nowadays in terms of diffusion of BATs in the cement industry, it requires a conducive policy environment that combines support for both technology development and to their deployment.     

中国遗传资源优先保护等级评价标准的构建

确定科学合理的生物遗传资源优先保护等级,是当前保护生物学研究的一个核心问题。文章通过分析国内外遗传资源优先保护等级评价研究进展,针对遗传资源的特点,对遗传资源与物种关系、遗传资源多样性、境外种群影响、遗传资源价值、潜在利用价值、人工繁育技术、特有情况等方面进行了探讨并提出相应建议,初步确定了遗传资源优先保护等级的评价标准,以期能为生物遗传资源的有效保护和科学管理提供参考依据。     

水中余氯测定方法进展

综述了水体中余氯的分析方法研究进展,对每种分析方法的原理、测定条件、干扰因素及其消除方法、检测限、线性范围及应用对象做了较为详细的论述。     

浑河沈阳段地表水有机污染物对水环境影响的安全性评估

用GB 3838-2002《地表水质量标准》和美国EPA推荐的“地面水质量标准”对浑河沈阳段地表水中的有机污染状况进行了安全性评估。用两种不同的方法评估,结果虽然有所差别,但结论是一致的,即浑河沈阳段地表水有机污染物十分严重,已经对人体健康和生态环境安全构成危害。     

THE CENTRAL ARIZONA WATER CONTROL STUDY: A COMPARISON OF ALTERNATE PLANS USING CONCORDANCE ANALYSIS AND MULTI-DIMENSION SCALING1

ABSTRACT The Central Arizona Water Control Study (CAWCS) was initiated by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1978. The study attempted to identify and evaluate alternate water management schemes for Central Arizona. By 1981 a set of seven plans had been developed and for each an assessment on a number of economic, environmental, and social factors had been undertaken. This paper offers a formal procedure, using concordance analysis and multi-dimension scaling, to compare alternate plans using multiple factors in order to produce a classification of the attractiveness of the alternatives. Empirical data for the CAWCS are used to clarify the procedure. The results of the formal analysis are compared to those produced by the CAWCS. A critique of the formal procedure is offered, and it is suggested that it may have utility to assist in the collection of data as well as in the search for a best plan. The procedure allows a number of different types of sensitivity tests to be conducted.     

走向未来的一个战略问题——山东省人口、资源、环境协调发展的回顾与展望

山东是人口和资源大省,当前面临着人口、资源与环境三大问题,为了谋求经济社会持续、稳定、协调发展,要提高对人口、资源、环境三者关系再认识,将它作为复杂的巨系统进行分析、研究,并制定相应的政策和措施,各级领导必须强化人口、资源与环境意识和目标责任制,提高管理水平,以促进未来发展。     

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION MODELS FOR APPLICATION TO WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: A research project was undertaken for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to determine the relative utility and effectiveness of four well-known multicriteria decision making (MCDM) models for applications in realistic water resources planning settings. A series of experiments was devised to examine the impact of rating and ranking procedures on the decision making behavior of users (e.g., planners, managers, analysts, etc.) when faced with situations involving multiple evaluation criteria and numerous alternative planning projects. The four MCDM models tested were MATS-PC, EXPERT CHOICE, ARIADNE, and ELECTRE. Two groups of analysts and decision makers were tested. One group consisted of experienced U.S. Army Corps planners, while the other was comprised of graduate students. Based on a series of nonparametric statistical tests, the results identified EXPERT CHOICE as the preferred MCDM model by both groups based largely on ease of use and understandability. ARIADNE fostered the largest degree of agreement within and among the two groups of individuals tested. The tests also lend support to the claim that rankings are not affected significantly by the choice of decision maker (i.e., who uses any of these MCDM models) or which of these four models is used.     

MULTICRITERIA EVALUATION IN A POLICY ANALYSIS OF A RHINE ESTUARY1

ABSTRACT: As part of a major project to provide the Rhine delta protection from North Sea floods, the Dutch installed sluices at Haringvliet in the late 1960s and converted the Haringvliet-Hollandsch Diep-Biesbosch (HHB) estuary into a tidally-damped, fresh-water system. Two decades later, the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat commissioned a study of alternative policies for managing the sluices and removing contaminated bottom sediments, including policies which would at least partially restore estuarine conditions to the HHB. This paper describes the public policy analysis comprising that study, focusing on the role played by formal mullicriteria evaluation (MCE), including the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Through the tasks of value-tree structuring, impact measurement, and criterion prioritization, the MCE influenced the entire structure of the analysis, became an integral part of it, and, despite initial skepticism among the participants about the utility of multicriteria analysis, was subsequently accepted and viewed favorably by the majority of them.