浅谈排污指标有偿转让

实行排污权交易，将企业经济效益同污染防治工作直接挂钩，可变企业被动防治污染为主动防治，变政府直接管理环境为间接管理，更符合社会主义市场经济运行机制。排污指标有偿使用与转让是排污权交易的核心，着重探讨了排污指标有偿使用费与有偿转让费的计算及排污指标交易中的注意事项。     

螺旋升流式反应器脱氮除磷效果及其特性的研究

利用螺旋升流式反应器 (SpiralUp FlowReactor,SUFR)系统进行了生物脱氮除磷的试验研究 ,该系统连续稳定运行两个月的结果表明 ,对TN、TP和COD的去除率分别达 86 %、96 %和 94 %以上 .对SUFR系统的反应特性进行了分析 :(1)螺旋流动特征使本反应器的形式接近于活塞流反应器 ,有利于在空间上形成有机物的浓度梯度分布 ;(2 )SUFR系统表现出了较好的有机底物和氧气的传质特性 ;(3)SUFR系统中的微生物种群具有多样化 ,所形成的微生物生态系统更稳定 ,抗外界干扰及恢复调节能力强     

潜流湿地处理不同浓度有机污水的差异分析

通过供氧平衡及物质平衡理论分析和实证研究,探讨根系泌氧、水中自带溶解氧、植物吸收营养物在湿地净化中的贡献,并通过落空运行来启动大气复氧.结果表明,当处理Ⅳ类以下地表水时,根系泌氧和水中携氧可使基质内为好氧环境、出水DO>0;植物吸收和介质吸附可使N、P去除稳定.当处理生活污水时,植物供氧不足,基质内为缺氧/厌氧环境、铵氧化细菌和亚硝酸氧化菌数量只有氨化细菌的1/1 000～1/100,出水DO≈0,使基质易堵塞;植物吸收和介质吸附有限,氮去除率≤20%;磷去除率随介质吸附容量的饱和逐渐下降,运行前3个月去除率为54%,运行1a以后降低到5%.潜流湿地处理生活污水时污染负荷远大于植物供氧和吸收营养物的上限,是其存在技术局限的根本原因.启动大气复氧是湿地工艺改进的一个重要方向,预沉-常规湿地对COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP的去除率为79%、34%、36%、34%,预沉-落空湿地则为79%、88%、14%、69%,必须合理利用大气复氧才能实现去除总氮的最终目的.     

塔玛亚历山大藻经蒙古裸腹溞至美国红鱼鱼苗的麻痹性贝类毒素传递与代谢研究

首次采用枝角类作为麻痹性贝类毒素(Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning,PSP)海洋食物链传递的媒介,实验研究了PSP从甲藻塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)经枝角类蒙古裸腹溞(Moina mongolica)至美国红鱼(Sciaenops ocellatus)鱼苗的动态传递与代谢过程.结果表明,塔玛亚历山大藻为550～4900个·mL-1时,蒙古裸腹潘体内可以检测到麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP),美国红鱼鱼苗因摄入含PSP的蒙古裸腹溞而染毒.整个实验过程中,塔玛亚历山大藻、蒙古裸腹溞、美国红鱼消化腺均含有N-磺酰氨甲酰基类毒素C1 2,后者还检测到新生成的氨基甲酸酯类毒素neoSTX.毒素传递给蒙古裸腹溞时,C1 2中β型毒素C2的比例增大,传递给鱼苗时,则α型毒素C1的比例增加.毒素净化期间,鱼苗体内的C1、C2含量基本呈下降趋势,但neoSTX未呈现特定规律性;总毒素含量除藻密度550个·mL-1实验外,随净化时间的推移而下降.     

烟道内冲灰水喷雾烟气脱硫过程中传热传质的数值研究

通过数值建模研究了各项参数对喷雾反应段内吸收效率的影响，重点考察了雾滴初始粒径、雾滴初始速度、烟气入口温度、SO2入口浓度、喷雾反应段长度、液气比对吸收效率的影响。研究表明，雾滴初始粒径、SO2入口浓度、喷雾反应段长度、液气比是影响吸收效率的重要因素，而雾滴初始速度、烟气入口温度对吸收效率的影响不大。     

Carbon emissions from land-use change: an analysis of causal factors in Chiapas, Mexico

This study examines the correlation between deforestation, carbon dioxide emissions and potential causal factors of land-use change within an area of 2.7 million ha in Chiapas, southern Mexico between 1975 and 1996. Digitized land-use maps and interpreted satellite images were used to quantify land-use changes. Geo-referenced databases of population and digitized maps of roads and topography were used to determine which factors could be used to explain observed changes in land-use. The study analyzed the relationship between carbon emissions during this period and two types of possible causal factors: “predisposing” factors that determine the susceptibility of a particular area of forest to change (slope, distance to agriculture and roads, land tenure) and “driving” factors representing the pressures for change (population density, poverty). The correlated factors were combined in risk matrices, which show the proportion of vulnerable carbon stocks lost in areas with defined social, economic and environmental characteristics. Such matrices could be used to predict future deforestation rates and provide a verifiable evidence-base for defining baseline carbon emissions for forest conservation projects. Based on the results of the analysis, two matrices were constructed, using population density as the single most important driving factor and distance from roads and distance from agriculture as the two alternatives for the predisposing factors of deforestation.     

南水北调对湖北丹江口水库区土地资源的影响

湖北省丹江口水库区是南水北调中线工程的水源区。随着调水工程的实施,库区土地资源将受到深远的影响。以丹江口水库及其四周海拔低于２００ｍ的区域为研究范围,选用９０年代初获取的ＬａｎｄｓａｔＴＭ假彩色合成图像为主信息源,运用目视判读和地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）方法,对该区的土地资源利用现状进行了比例尺为２５万分之一的遥感制图和计算机面积量算;在此基础上,对工程实施后本区土地资源的淹没损失、土地利用结构的变化进行了宏观分析,进而对区域土地资源的合理利用进行了初步探讨。     

MRIO model-based study on water nitrogen pollution transfer embodied in international trade

This study uses the global pollutant emission databases and global input–output model in 2015 to calculate the impact of international trade on global water nitrogen emission patterns, based on considering the total amount of pollutant transfer and pollutant emission intensity of trade flows The main conclusions are as follows: (1) There are always a large amount of water nitrogen emissions transferring from developed economies to developing economies embodied in their bilateral trade activities. Small amount of transfers are of some areas with similar endowments of agricultural resources or long distances. (2) In 2015, the net import of water nitrogen pollution embodied in China’s trade was 160,000 tons, accounting for 2.72% of the global water nitrogen imports. The sharp increases in cereal imports, together with high food storage as well as high pollution intensity embedded in trade are the main reason. It is recommended that through applying alleviations such as agricultural machinery assistance and technical training to accelerate the transfer and spread of agricultural technology in Africa, Asia, and other regions, thus helping increase agricultural production productivity in underdeveloped areas and reducing the pollution intensity embodied in trade flows from underdeveloped areas to developed areas.     

Media Representations of Water Issues as Health Risks

ABSTRACT

Water is a critical natural resource for sustaining human life. Media representations are a factor in the formation of public risk perceptions and could influence water conservation and health promotion behaviors. The objective of this research is to identify how newspaper media in four Western U.S. states frame the public health risks associated with water resources. Researchers conducted a content analysis of 326 newspaper articles from eight major newspapers focusing on water resource issues published during a three-year period between January 2012 and December 2014. Results indicate that health risks associated with water are seldom mentioned, and that the risks most frequently covered with regard to water resources are those with direct and immediate impacts to area residents. Findings suggest that media coverage may not be consistent with the nature of health impacts associated with water, which often are long-term.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.