南京市交通干道大气环境中挥发性有机物的研究

使用Tenax管在常温下富集采样 ,研究了南京市交通干道大气环境中苯系物的污染状况和季节变化规律 ,监测过程历时 1年。同时在中山陵设点采样 ,以作背景研究。经过GC/MS联用仪分析测定 ,共检出 140多种挥发性有机物 ,其中含量较高的是苯系物。结合获得的大气中苯系物的比值以及采样点的周围环境 ,对苯系物进行源分析 ,表明苯系物主要来源于汽车尾气的排放 ,其污染程度与气候变化有关。     

北京不同污染地区园林植物对空气颗粒物的滞纳能力

城市园林植物作为城市生态系统的重要组成成分,在滞纳空气颗粒物,净化城市大气环境发挥着重要作用.本文以北京市6种常见园林植物为研究对象,利用气溶胶再发生器(QRJZFSQ-I)测定了不同污染地区叶片对大气颗粒物的滞纳能力,同时利用环境扫描电镜观察了测试树种叶片结构变化.结果表明:1在所测的树种中,针叶树种单位叶面积滞纳空气颗粒物的能力比阔叶树种高,其中油松(Pinus tabuliformis)滞纳量最高,为(3.89±0.026)μg·cm-2,其次是白皮松(Pinus bungeana),为(2.82±0.392)μg·cm-2,毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)最小,为(2.00±0.118)μg·cm-2;2通过观察叶片微观形态结构发现,针叶树种气孔排列紧密,气孔密度比阔叶树种大,表面粗糙度高于阔叶树种,而且能够分泌油脂;3在不同污染区,相同树种叶片滞纳PM10存在显著差异,五环周围的树种叶片单位叶面积滞纳PM10能力要高于植物园的,而相同树种叶片单位叶面积滞纳PM2.5则无明显差异;4在不同污染区下,叶片结构发生了重要的适应性变化,相对于轻污染区,在重污染区植物叶片外表皮细胞收缩,叶片表皮纹理变得更加粗糙,气孔频度和绒毛长度增加.尽管暴露于重污染区植物叶片发生重要变化,但是这些植物仍然能够正常健康地生长.     

探讨道路交通噪声监测新方法

我国现行道路交通噪声评价方法已经使用了近30年的时间,在一些方面已不适应于当今的道路状况和监管需要。本文针对现行方法,从监测方法和评价方法两个方面探讨了改进的要点。新方法的优势是在噪声数据测量上更准确且更具代表性,在评价上以预测辅助实测,在评价城市总体水平的基础上兼顾不同道路的噪声排放细节。     

丝绸之路经济带资源环境成本及生态负荷强度的时空演变分析

为了科学地评价丝绸之路经济带生态系统对经济与社会发展的服务支撑能力,本研究引入生态系统服务理论,构建资源环境成本及绿色GDP核算、生态负荷强度模型,计算出丝绸之路经济带辐射国家2005—2012年的资源环境成本、生态负荷强度,并在此基础上利用探索性空间数据分析方法,对2005年以来丝绸之路经济带的生态负荷强度随时间演变的趋势及其空间分布特征进行分析和探讨(数据获取难易程度,仅分析了部分带内国家)。结果表明:在研究时段内,带内国家或地区的资源环境成本由2005年的675.02×108元攀升至1 178.51×108元(2005年可比价),生态负荷强度由0.3369下降到0.2307;丝绸之路经济带生态负荷强度呈现出由欧洲经济圈向中国西北地区集聚的空间分布特征,其中中亚及中国西北地区为高-高集聚区、欧洲经济圈为低-低集聚区;这种西、东集聚现象的显著性在研究时段内逐渐减弱,且区域生态效益或经济效益持续向周边溢出。     

Source diagnostics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road runoff, dust, rain and canopy throughfall

Diagnostic ratios and multivariate analysis were utilized to apportion polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sources for road runoff, road dust, rain and canopy throughfall based on samples collected in an urban area of Beijing, China. Three sampling sites representing vehicle lane, bicycle lane and branch road were selected. For road runoff and road dust, vehicular emission and coal combustion were identified as major sources, and the source contributions varied among the sampling sites. For rain, three principal components were apportioned representing coal/oil combustion (54%), vehicular emission (34%) and coking (12%). For canopy throughfall, vehicular emission (56%), coal combustion (30%) and oil combustion (14%) were identified as major sources. Overall, the PAH's source for road runoff mainly reflected that for road dust. Despite site-specific sources, the findings at the study area provided a general picture of PAHs sources for the road runoff system in urban area of Beijing.     

天津市区道路地表径流污染特征研究

从实际地表径流水质实地监测和实验室分析出发,理论与实践相结合,揭示了天津市区道路地表径流主要污染物的相关性及不同污染物随降雨历时动态变化规律,全年道路地表径流水质季节变化规律,全面剖析了天津市区降雨径流的污染特征,并由此提出相应的处理措施和合理化建议,为天津城市雨水污染控制提供了基础研究.     

重庆市道路交通噪声分布规律及控制措施研究

监测重庆市主城区道路旁居民住宅不同楼层昼间交通噪声等效声级,并分析其垂直分布规律。结果表明,随测点与地面高差的增加,噪声呈先增加后减小的趋势。隔声效果监测结果表明,隔声屏在重庆典型山城的地理环境下隔声效果较差,隔声窗具有较好的隔声效果,且测点距离越近隔声效果越明显。     

Evaluation of a hospital-based injury surveillance system for monitoring road traffic deaths in Phuket,Thailand

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate and injury surveillance (IS) system’s ability to monitor road traffic deaths and the coverage of road traffic injury and death surveillance in Phuket, Thailand.

Methods: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines on surveillance system evaluation were used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate IS. Interviews with key stakeholders focused on IS’s usefulness, simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, and stability. Active case finding of 2014 road traffic deaths in all paper and electronic hospital record systems was used to assess system sensitivity, positive predictive value, and data quality. Electronic data matching software was used to determine the implications of combining IS data with other provincial-level data sources (e.g., death certificates, electronic vehicle insurance claim system).

Results: Evaluation results indicated that IS was useful, flexible, acceptable, and stable, with a high positive predictive value (99%). Simplicity was limited due to the burden of collecting data on all injuries and use of paper-based data collection forms. Sensitivity was low, with IS only identifying 55% of hospital road traffic death cases identified during active case finding; however, IS cases were representative of cases identified. Data accuracy and completeness varied across data fields. Combining IS with active case finding, death certificates, and the electronic vehicle insurance claim system more than doubled the number of road traffic death cases identified in Phuket.

Conclusion: An efficient and comprehensive road traffic injury and death surveillance system is critical for monitoring Phuket’s road traffic burden. The hospital-based IS system is a useful system for monitoring road traffic deaths and assessing risk behaviors. However, the complexity of data collection and limited coverage hinders the ability of IS to fully represent road traffic deaths in Phuket Province. Combining data sources could improve coverage and should be considered.     

Strategic implications of counter-geoengineering: Clash or cooperation?

Solar geoengineering has received increasing attention as an option to temporarily stabilize global temperatures. A key concern is that heterogeneous preferences over the optimal amount of cooling combined with low deployment costs may allow the country with the strongest incentive for cooling, the so-called free-driver, to impose a substantial externality on the rest of the world. We analyze whether the threat of counter-geoengineering technologies capable of negating the climatic effects of solar geoengineering can overcome the free-driver problem and tilt the game in favour of international cooperation. Our game-theoretical model of countries with asymmetric preferences allows for a rigorous analysis of the strategic interaction surrounding solar geoengineering and counter-geoengineering. We find that counter-geoengineering prevents the free-driver outcome, but not always with benign effects. The presence of counter-geoengineering leads to either a climate clash where countries engage in a non-cooperative escalation of opposing climate interventions (negative welfare effect), a moratorium treaty where countries commit to abstain from either type of climate intervention (indeterminate welfare effect), or cooperative deployment of solar geoengineering (positive welfare effect). We show that the outcome depends crucially on the degree of asymmetry in temperature preferences between countries.     

Pedestrian distraction: The effects of road environment complexity and age on pedestrian’s visual attention and crossing behavior

Introduction: Little is known about how characteristics of the environment affect pedestrians’ road crossing behavior. Method: In this work, the effect of typical urban visual clutter created by objects and elements in the road proximity (e.g., billboards) on adults and children (aged 9–13) road crossing behavior was examined in a controlled laboratory environment, utilizing virtual reality scenarios projected on a large dome screen. Results: Divided into three levels of visual load, results showed that high visual load affected children’s and adults’ road crossing behavior and visual attention. The main effect on participants’ crossing decisions was seen in missed crossing opportunities. Children and adults missed more opportunities to cross the road when exposed to more cluttered road environments. An interaction with age was found in the dispersion of the visual attention measure. Children, 9–10 and 11–13 years old, had a wider spread of gazes across the scene when the environment was highly loaded—an effect not seen with adults. However, unexpectedly, no other indication of the deterring effect was found in the current study. Still, according to the results, it is reasonable to assume that busier road environments can be more hazardous to adult and child pedestrians. Practical Applications: In that context, it is important to further investigate the possible distracting effect of causal objects in the road environment on pedestrians, and especially children. This knowledge can help to create better safety guideline for children and assist urban planners in creating safer urban environments.