Developing adaptive capacity within groundwater abstraction management systems

Groundwater is a key resource for global agricultural production but is vulnerable to a changing climate. Given significant uncertainty about future impacts, bottom-up approaches for developing adaptive capacity are a more appropriate paradigm than seeking optimal adaptation strategies that assume a high ability to predict future risks or outcomes. This paper analyses the groundwater management practices adopted at multiple scales in East Anglia, UK, to identify wider lessons for developing adaptive capacity within groundwater management. Key elements are (1) horizontal and vertical integration within resource management; (2) making better use of water resources, at all scales, which vary in space and time; (3) embedding adaptation at multiple scales (from farm to national) within an adaptive management framework which allows strategies and management decisions to be updated in the light of changing understanding or conditions; (4) facilitating the ongoing formation through collective action of local Water Abstractor Groups; (5) promoting efficient use of scarce water resources by these groups, so as to increase their power to negotiate over possible short-term license restrictions; (6) controlling abstractions within a sustainable resource management framework, whether at national (regulatory) or at local (Abstractor Group) scales, that takes account of environmental water needs; and (7) reducing non-climate pressures which have the potential to further reduce the availability of usable groundwater.     

The Importance of the Chosen Technique to Estimate Diffuse Solar Radiation by Means of Regression

The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) is one of the widely used methods which is used for estimating the diffuse solar radiation. However, in order to use the OLS method in the estimation, the dataset must provide certain assumptions. In this study, alternative robust methods have been described and they were compared with the OLS method, which is used for estimating diffuse radiation frequently in an application. At the end of the analysis, the R² value obtained by the OLS method is less than the values obtained by M regression models. In other words, the explanation of the dependent value is weak when the OLS method is used. Finally, it can be said that the most appropriate method is Andrews for estimating the diffuse solar radiation.     

The Precautionary Principle as a Robust Cost-Effectiveness Problem

This paper offers an interpretation of the precautionary principle in terms of a safety target that a decision-maker has to reach at a minimal cost in a robust way. A two-period model is used. The precautionary principle corresponds to a situation in which the decision-maker, facing an ex ante indecision, is not able to reach a safe target from the initial condition in a worst-case framework. However, he can efficiently succeed whenever the uncertainty at the second period is revealed to him. An example coping with the management of a renewable resource illustrates the general results of the paper.

全国辐射环境监测网络射频综合场强测量比对

在2011年全国辐射环境监测网络射频综合场强项目测量比对中,采用稳健统计方法对36家参比单位的78个比对测量结果进行统计分析。结果表明,全国各监测机构满意结果占87.3%,有问题结果占7.7%,离群结果占5%。对可能影响监测结果的若干因素进行了研究,如仪器型号等,反映了目前全国辐射环境监测网络射频电磁场测量项目的监测能力水平,为进一步开展质保工作提供了科学依据。     

Modelling the risk of Pb and PAH intervention value exceedance in allotment soils by robust logistic regression

Soils of allotments are often contaminated by heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. In particular, lead (Pb) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) frequently exceed legal intervention values (IVs). Allotments are popular in European countries; cities may own and let several thousand allotment plots. Assessing soil contamination for all the plots would be very costly. Soil contamination in allotments is often linked to gardening practice and historic land use. Hence, we predict the risk of IV exceedance from attributes that characterize the history and management of allotment areas (age, nearby presence of pollutant sources, prior land use). Robust logistic regression analyses of data of Swiss allotments demonstrate that the risk of IV exceedance can be predicted quite precisely without costly soil analyses. Thus, the new method allows screening many allotments at small costs, and it helps to deploy the resources available for soil contamination surveying more efficiently.     

Robust prediction of chatter stability in milling based on the analytical chatter stability

A major obstacle that limits the productivity in machining operations is the presence of machine tool chatter. Machining is a dynamic process and chatter behavior depends upon a number of different aspects including spindle speeds, material properties, tool geometry, and even the location of tool respect to the rest of machine. Many of the traditional models used to predict chatter stability lobes assume that parameters such as natural frequency, stiffness, and cutting coefficients remain constant. In reality, these parameters vary and they affect the chatter stability. The uncertainty in these parameters can be taken into consideration by employing the robust stability theory into a two degree of freedom milling model. Utilizing the Edge theorem and the Zero Exclusion condition, a robust chatter stability model, based on the analytical chatter stability milling model, is developed. This improves the reliability compared to the projected pseudo single degree of freedom model. The method is verified experimentally for milling operations while considering a changing natural frequency and cutting coefficient.     

催化铁内电解-混凝-生物膜法处理荧光增白剂生产废水

利用"催化铁内电解-混凝-生物膜法(A/O)"组合工艺成功处理了荧光增白剂生产废水,并系统阐述了各个处理单元的运行参数和处理效果.经检验,出水水质达到GB8978-96三级排放标准.     

2种统计方法在一次实验室间比对中的应用比较

比较了稳健统计法和误差系数法在水中苯系物实验室间比对结果中的应用,分别采用两种方法对比对结果进行了分析,探讨了两种统计方法的差异和适用范围。结果显示,两种方法对此次比对结果的分析结论基本一致,在实际应用中应跟据实验室间比对的目的和样品特点选择合适的统计方法。     

Development of an empirical equation for the transverse dispersion coefficient in natural streams

In this study, a new empirical equation for the transverse dispersion coefficient has been developed based on the hydraulic and geometric parameters in natural streams using a regression technique. First, a total of 32 data sets in 16 streams were collected. Among those sets, 16 sets were used for deriving the new equation, and the other 16 sets were used for verifying the equation. Then, through dimensional analysis, it was found that the normalized transverse dispersion coefficient is associated with several parameters such as sinuosity, aspect ratio, and a friction term. The robust least square method was applied to estimate regression coefficients. The newly proposed equation was proven to be superior in explaining the dispersion characteristics of natural streams more precisely compared to the existing equations.     

1,2,4-三氯苯厌氧还原脱氯过程及荧光增白剂PF对脱氯过程影响研究

南京某化工厂生产荧光增白剂PF(1,2-双(5-甲基-2-苯并唑基)-乙烯,调查发现其地下水中存在多种污染物:1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)、二氯苯同分异构体(DCB)、一氯苯(MCB)、苯和PF.场地多年监测结果显示很可能存在厌氧条件下氯苯类污染物的自然降解.为了探索污染物降解机制并确定荧光增白剂PF对该脱氯过程的影响,笔者通过室内实验发现1,2,4-TCB被脱氯为1,2-DCB、1,3-DCB和1,4-DCB,摩尔比率约为10%、35%、55%.随着1,2,4-TCB投喂次数的增加,降解菌的脱氯速度越来越快,最高可达到7μmol·d~(-1).1,2-DCB和1,3-DCB先脱氯产生MCB,1,4-DCB滞后约两周开始降解,脱氯速度从第14周的0.19μmol·d~(-1)增加到第17周的0.88μmol·d~(-1),并在第108 d左右消耗完全.虽然1,2-DCB和1,3-DCB比1,4-DCB先开始脱氯,但脱氯速度相对缓慢,1,2-DCB的脱氯速度从第12周的0.001μmol·d~(-1)增加到第15周的0.21μmol·d~(-1),1,3-DCB的脱氯速度从第12周的0.06μmol·d~(-1)增加到第17周的0.14μmol·d~(-1).DCBs降解产生的MCB在第160 d左右开始脱氯生成苯,脱氯速度从第23周的0.296μmol·d~(-1)到第25周的1.94μmol·d~(-1)再到第28周的0.007μmol·d~(-1).同时,实验结果表明荧光增白剂PF不会改变1,2,4-TCB的脱氯过程,但在MCB脱氯到苯的过程中具有一定的抑制作用.