SBA-15介孔分子筛处理废水中氨氮的研究

以具有较高比表面积及较大孔径的介孔分子筛SBA-15、Rod-SBA-15为载体,利用物理吸附的方法吸附废水中的氨氮,Rod-SBA-15由于具有较大的比表面积及孔径而具有较高的脱除效率,还通过测定不同分子筛用量、不同pH值及不同静置时间条件下的吸附效率来确定优选吸附条件,结果表明,分子筛用量优选3 mg/mL,pH值优选6～7,吸附时间优选20 min。     

Effects of heavy metals on the nitrogen metabolism of the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica L. ex Hedw. A 15N tracer study

The assessment of pollution in aquatic systems necessitates an accurate indication of toxicity of heavy metals for organisms and ecosystems. We used the stable nitrogen isotope 15N to estimate the influence of the heavy metals Cd, Pb and Zn on the synthesis of nitrogen-containing fractions in the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica. This method permits conclusions concerning inhibitory effects of these heavy metals on the assimilation of nitrogen and the biosynthesis of amino acids and proteins. The moss was exposed to metal concentrations of 25-500 microM over a period of 5-10 days. 15N abundance of exposed plants was compared with that of control plants. Similar to a loss of vitality determined using a fluorometric assay, a decrease of the 15N abundance in the N fractions of Fontinalis antipyretica was measured in dependence on the metal concentration. Nevertheless, the individual inhibition by the distinct metals was different, so that the following order of toxicity was derived: Cd > Pb > Zn.     

高寒藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)草甸植物对土壤氮素利用的多元化特征

论文以藏嵩草草甸为研究对象,利用¹⁵N 同位素标记技术,野外原位定量研究高寒藏嵩草草甸7 个主要植物种对土壤有机氮（甘氨酸）和无机氮（铵态氮、硝态氮）的吸收,以证明不同植物对土壤氮素吸收的生态位分化特征。结果表明：① 高寒藏嵩草草甸7 种植物δ¹⁵N天然丰度值为0.840‰～5.015‰,变异范围为4.175‰,地上组织氮浓度为14.38～23.31g·kg^-1;② 从7 种植物吸收土壤甘氨酸、铵态氮和硝态氮的比例看,草地早熟禾偏好吸收土壤有机态氮,其体内氮的36%来源于土壤甘氨酸。冷地早熟禾和雅毛茛吸收土壤无机氮的能力最强,其体内氮的41%～43%来源于铵态氮。溚草偏好吸收土壤硝态氮,其体内氮的35%来自于硝态氮。③ 优势植物藏嵩草、华扁穗草和黑褐苔草对¹⁵N-Gly、¹⁵N-NO₃^-和¹⁵N-NH₄⁺的吸收均较低,仅为0.085～0.475 μmol ¹⁵N·g^-1 DW,表明这3 种莎草科植物不能有效吸收土壤中的甘氨酸和无机氮源。④ 高寒沼泽湿地生态系统中,不同植物种对土壤氮素的吸收存在差异和多元化的特点,其中莎草科植物对土壤氮的利用较低,而早熟禾、溚草禾本科牧草及双子叶植物雅毛茛以土壤无机氮和可溶性有机氮作为氮源。     

浸渍法制备负载化离子液体吸附剂及其表征

采用浸渍法制备了负载化离子液体吸附剂[Bmim]BF_4@SBA-15,N_2吸附、SEM及TG表征发现:离子液体主要负载于SBA-15载体孔道内,少量附着于载体外表面。为优化制备条件,重点考察了共溶剂、反应时间、离子液体和载体的质量比等因素对负载量的影响。实验结果表明:当丙酮为共溶剂、离子液体与载体质量比为6∶1、浸渍时间为9 h时,离子液体负载量可达66.8%。在此基础上,对负载化离子液体进行CO_2吸附性能测试,发现随离子液体负载量增加,CO_2吸附量先增大后减小。当负载量为34.9%时,CO_2吸附量可达40.3 mg/g。     

青铜峡灌区水稻田化肥氮去向研究

青铜峡灌区是我国古老的特大型灌区和粮食主产区之一,灌区农田氮肥的过量施用已经导致化肥氮向水体流失.用15N示踪微区试验方法研究了青铜峡引黄灌区习惯灌溉量条件下水稻田化肥氮素去向.结果表明,施氮量为当地习惯施氮300kg.hm-2时,水稻吸收的化肥氮在籽粒中最多,氮肥的当季利用率为45.93%,吸收的土壤氮约占52.63%;作物中的回收率为27.90%,在0～90cm土壤中的残留率为23.31%,作物-土壤体系中的回收率为51.21%,氮肥的损失率为48.79%;氮肥除了被当季作物吸收和部分以矿质氮残留在土壤中外,灌区19×104hm2的水稻田化肥氮年流失量为2.78×104t,生产1000kg水稻(净籽粒),排放纯氮20.17kg;在0～90cm土壤层中均有化肥氮残留,残留化肥氮主要富集在表层0～30cm,在60～90cm检测到化肥氮,说明青铜峡引黄灌区在习惯灌溉量条件下,水稻田当季的化肥氮淋溶到90cm以下,成为浅层地下水的潜在污染源.     

我国西南地区氮饱和马尾松林土壤和植物15N自然丰度对长期氮施加的响应

我国快速增长的氮沉降可能造成森林生态系统的氮饱和,进而导致一系列严重的环境后果.为了深入研究氮沉降对我国森林生态系统的影响,进而评价和预测森林生态系统的氮状态,本研究选取我国西南地区典型的马尾松林生态系统,对土壤和植物的15N自然丰度(δ15N)进行了测定,探讨用15N富集因子(εp/s)作为氮状态指标的可行性.对该马尾松林连续7 a施加NH4NO3或Na NO3的控制实验结果表明,长期的高氮输入显著增加了土壤和植物的δ15N.同时,该生态系统对不同形态的氮输入有不同的响应,即在NH+4沉降下δ15N显著高于NO-3沉降下的值.15N富集因子与氮沉降量、净硝化速率和淋溶量均呈显著的正相关关系,特别是本研究与之前研究的所有马尾松林的15N富集因子与氮沉降量之间线性相关,表明15N富集因子可用来表征氮状态.由于在相同氮沉降的情况下,NH+4的效应强于NO-3,建议我国在未来控制氮氧化物排放的同时也应当重视氨的排放控制.     

干化-干湿转化对鄱阳湖湿地土壤氮矿化的影响

本研究采集鄱阳湖湿地3种典型植被(虉草、苔草、芦苇)土壤,在室内分别设置30%WHC(最大持水量)、50%WHC和80%WHC 3种水分条件培养1个月,分别模拟重度干旱、轻度干旱和适宜水分环境,然后添加水分到200%WHC模拟干湿转化过程;基于~(15)N同位素稀释法计算干化-干湿转化过程中湿地土壤的总氨化速率和总硝化速率.土壤干化过程中,芦苇带土壤总氨化速率最高,虉草带土壤总硝化速率最高;土壤总氨化速率和总硝化速率都随干旱程度增强而降低,轻度干旱条件下总硝化速率的降低比总氨化速率更明显;除水分条件外,总氨化速率主要受土壤碳含量影响,总硝化速率主要受pH值影响.土壤湿化过程中,苔草带和芦苇带土壤氮总氨化速率在1 d内变化较小,1～5 d不断下降;虉草带重度干旱土壤氮总氨化速率在湿化后呈上升趋势,轻度干旱土壤只在湿化后1 d内明显增大;3种植被土壤总硝化速率都在1 d内明显下降,此后维持较低水平.干化过程中,氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)丰度对土壤总硝化速率的影响相近,湿化过程中AOB丰度的影响相对增大.     

Preparation and evaluation of aminopropyl-functionalized manganese-loaded SBA-15 for copper removal from aqueous solution

A novel material, aminopropyl-functionalized manganese-loaded SBA-15 (NH₂-Mn-SBA- 15), was synthesized by bonding 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTMS) onto manganeseloaded SBA-15 (Mn-SBA-15) and used as a Cu²⁺ adsorbent in aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD), N₂ adsorption/ desorption isotherms, high resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the NH₂-Mn-SBA-15. The orderedmesoporous structure of SBA-15 was remained aftermodification. The manganese oxides were mainly loaded on the internal surface of the pore channels while the aminopropyl groups were mainly anchored on the external surface of SBA-15. The adsorption of Cu²⁺ on NH₂-Mn-SBA-15 was fitted well by the Langmuir equation and the maximum adsorption capacity of NH₂-Mn-SBA-15 for Cu²⁺ was over two times higher than that of Mn-SBA-15 under the same conditions. The Elovich equation gave a good fit for the adsorption process of Cu²⁺ by NH₂-Mn-SBA-15 and Mn-SBA-15. Both the loaded manganese oxides and the anchored aminopropyl groups were found to contribute to the uptake of Cu²⁺. The NH₂-Mn-SBA-15 showed high selectivity for copper ions. Consecutive adsorption-desorption experiments showed that the NH₂-Mn-SBA-15 could be regenerated by acid treatment without altering its properties.     

二溴联苯醚对纤细裸藻的生态遗传毒性效应

通过检测纤细裸藻生长、抗氧化酶活性和单细胞凝胶电泳(彗星试验)研究了4,4’-二溴联苯醚(BDE-15)对纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)的生态遗传毒性效应.结果表明,低浓度BDE-15(3×10-6mg/L)对纤细裸藻的生长无显著影响,高浓度时(3mg/L)具有明显的抑制作用,相比空白抑制率达69.70%;叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量在高浓度BDE-15作用下显著上升;谷胱甘肽(GSH)和细胞总蛋白含量则随BDE-15浓度增加明显下降;抗氧化酶系统中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随BDE-15浓度升高显著下降,具明显的剂量-效应关系,过氧化物酶(POD)活性随BDE-15浓度增加呈上升趋势,最高浓度组(3mg/L)比空白对照提高93.45%,显示BDE-15胁迫可诱导抗氧化酶活性;彗星试验结果显示纤细裸藻细胞DNA损伤程度随BDE-15浓度增加而加重,表明高浓度BDE-15具有潜在致突变性.