Use of genetic,climatic, and microbiological data to inform reintroduction of a regionally extinct butterfly

Species reintroductions are increasingly used as means of mitigating biodiversity loss. Besides habitat quality at the site targeted for reintroduction, the choice of source population can be critical for success. The butterfly Melanargia russiae (Esper´s marbled white) was extirpated from Hungary over 100 years ago, and a reintroduction program has recently been approved. We used museum specimens of this butterfly, mitochondrial DNA data (mtDNA), endosymbiont screening, and climatic‐similarity analyses to determine which extant populations should be used for its reintroduction. The species displayed 2 main mtDNA lineages across its range: 1 restricted to Iberia and southern France (Iberian lineage) and another found throughout the rest of its range (Eurasian lineage). These 2 lineages possessed highly divergent wsp alleles of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia. The century‐old Hungarian specimens represented an endemic haplotype belonging to the Eurasian lineage, differing by one mutation from the Balkan and eastern European populations. The Hungarian populations of M. russiae occurred in areas with a colder and drier climate relative to most sites with extant known populations. Our results suggest the populations used for reintroduction to Hungary should belong to the Eurasian lineage, preferably from eastern Ukraine (genetically close and living in areas with the highest climatic similarity). Materials stored in museum collections can provide unique opportunities to document historical genetic diversity and help direct conservation.     

陶庄矿区深井水位的发震信息

利用山东省枣庄市陶庄煤矿区鲁15井水位观测资料,采用多道Weiner滤波方法研究其中所隐含的孕震信息,结论是没有明显的矿震中期前兆异常,临震前兆异常明显,每次矿震前都有水位的短临变化。     

我国七个站点降雨和森林穿冠水中硝态氮同位素丰度

采集了我国7个站点的降雨和森林穿冠水样品,分析测定了水样中硝态氮和总氮的同位素丰度.降雨中硝态氮δ15N值范围为-9.00‰至9.71‰,其中北方站点冬季降雨中硝态氮δ15N值要远高于其他站点,可能是由于北方冬季燃煤供暖所致.穿冠水中硝态氮δ15N值范围为-16.59‰至-0.32‰,比降雨中的硝态氮δ15N值要低,其可能原因是林冠层中存在硝态氮的交换过程,从而产生了分馏作用.降雨和穿冠水中TN的δ15N值范围分别为-7.94‰至-3.07‰和-4.55‰至-1.73‰,其中穿冠水中TN的δ15N值要略高于降雨中的值.     

天然水体中铵态和硝态氮δ15N的测定

介绍了一种天然水体中铵态和硝态氮δ15N的测定方法,包括3个步骤:(1)离子交换法富集水中铵态和硝态氮;(2)蒸馏法进一步提纯铵态和硝态氮;(3)阳离子树脂萃取由转化和蒸馏得到的铵态氮,并将树脂干燥后送入元素分析仪串联质谱(EA-IRMS)测定δ15N.用这种方法处理NH4Cl和KNO3配制的人工模拟水样和野外采集的天然水样,发现δ15N-NH4+和δ15N-NO3-测定的准确性高、重复性好,人工模拟水样δ15N-NH4+的测定值和标准值相差0.560‰,δ15N-NO3-的测定值和标准值相差0.341‰,所有水样重复间的标准偏差在0.008‰—0.384‰之间.测定方法需要的水样体积较少,水样处理速度较快,离子交换后水样中的铵态和硝态氮可长期保存,适合野外天然水体δ15N测定.     

基于安全社会学的高层建筑火灾事故剖析——以上海“11·15”特大火灾事故为例

结合我国基本国情及“11·15”特大火灾事故的具体情况,运用社会学视角,从技术和理性的局限、效益和安全的博弈、人因和制度的瓶颈三个方面透析由高层建筑火灾事故难以解决这一现状暴露出的社会学问题。并提出有利于从深层次上保障人民生命安全和公共财产安全的三点建议：调整引发不安全因素的社会结构;提升有利于确保安全的技术能力;加强政府的社会控制功能。本文针对我国高层建筑火灾事故频发的现状,揭示了“11·15”特大火灾事故带来的警示和反思,就高层建筑火灾防范提出了改进方法,对建筑、消防等部门的管理工作具有一定的参考意义。     

TA15钛合金与铝合金和结构钢接触腐蚀大气暴露试验研究

讨论了TA15钛合金与铝合金和结构钢接触后,在海南万宁大气试验站大气暴露的试验结果。3年的大气暴露试验显示,在海洋性大气环境下,2B06铝合金、16CrSiN i钢和30CrMnSiA钢无论与TA15钛合金接触与否,腐蚀都很严重,力学性能明显下降;对2B06铝合金进行阳极氧化,对16CrSiN i钢和30CrMnSiA钢进行氯化铵镀镉,可在一定程度上减缓腐蚀,但经过一定时间大气暴露,无论与TA15钛合金接触与否,都产生了严重腐蚀,力学性能明显下降;对2B06铝合金进行阳极氧化,对16CrSiN i钢和30CrMnSiA钢进行氯化铵镀镉,再喷涂1号航空底漆进行防护,可有效防止接触腐蚀。     

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and other fluorochemicals in fish blood collected near the outfall of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Beijing

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in zooplankton and five fish species collected from Gaobeidian Lake, which receives discharge from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Beijing, China. The mean total PFCs in five fish were in the order: crucian carp > common carp > leather catfish > white semiknife carp > tilapia. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) occurred at the greatest concentrations, with mean concentrations ranging from 5.74 to 64.2 ng/ml serum. Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) was the second dominant PFC in fish samples except for common carp in which perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) was dominant. A positive linear relationship (r² = 0.85, p < 0.05) was observed between ln PFOS concentrations (ln ng/ml) and trophic level (based on δ¹⁵N) if tilapia was excluded. The risk assessment showed that PFOS might not pose an immediate risk to fish in Gaobeidian Lake.     

Aminobenzenesulfonamide functionalized SBA-15 nanoporous molecular sieve: A new and promising adsorbent for preconcentration of lead and copper ions

A rapid method for the extraction and monitoring of nanogram level of Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions using uniform silanized mesopor (SBA-15) functionalized with aminobenzenesulfonamide groups and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) is presented. Aminobenzenesulfonamide functionalized SBA-15 was synthesized according to procedure in the literature and the presence of organic groups in the silica framework was demonstrated by FT-IR spectra. The functionalized product showed the BET surface area 110 m²/g and pore diameter 5.1 nm, based on adsorption-desorption of N₂ at 77 K. The effect of several variables such as (amount of adsorbent, stirring time, pH and presence of other ions in the medium) has been studied. Lead and copper were completely extracted at pH greater than 3 after stirring for 10 min. The maximum capacity of the adsorbent was found to be 191.3 ± 1.4 and 155.0 ± 1.0 μg of lead and copper ions/mg functionalized SBA-15, respectively. The preconcentration factor of the method was found to be 200. The detection limit of the technique was 3.4 and 0.4 ng/mL for Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺, respectively. The applications of this methodology for real samples were examined by various water type, black tea and pepper samples.     

洞庭湖平原典型水稻土氮素固持动态及氮的残留形态

以洞庭湖平原2个典型水稻土（红黄泥和紫潮泥）为对象,采用¹⁵N示踪技术,研究了淹水培养条件下稻草+硫铵配施（S+¹⁵NA）和单施硫铵（¹⁵NA）土壤微生物和粘土矿物对化肥氮的固定与释放及氮的残留形态.结果表明,淹水培养条件下B_N（SMBN）总体变化趋势是在培养前期达到峰值,而后逐渐下降,最后趋于稳定.固定态铵在整个试验期间变化相对较小,但也随培养时间的延长而减少.淹水培养条件下, B_N 以原有B_N为主.标记底物B_N的比例红黄泥为0.30%～6.67%;紫潮泥为1.00%～3.47%.微生物同化的标记底物硫铵氮的比例红黄泥为0.15%～20.65%,紫潮泥为2.06%～15.93%;有机无机配施处理(S+¹⁵NA)均大于单施化肥(¹⁵NA),红黄泥S+¹⁵NA处理平均为6.78%,高于红黄泥¹⁵NA处理;紫潮泥S+¹⁵NA处理（10.78%）也高于紫潮泥¹⁵NA处理.粘土矿物对标记底物氮的固定率,红黄泥为2.48%～10.57%,紫潮泥为12.55%～30.04%.红黄泥S+¹⁵NA处理平均为7.14%,低于红黄泥¹⁵NA 处理;紫潮泥S+¹⁵NA处理（21.53%）也低于紫潮泥¹⁵NA处理.淹水培养条件下底物硫铵氮的残留率均大于30%,有机无机配施处理提高了无机氮的残留率.红黄泥底物氮的残留形态主要为酸解有机氮（>72%）,而紫潮泥以酸解有机氮(44.0%～53.2%)和固定态铵(35.2%～37.5%)为主,两种土壤底物氮矿质氮形态残留在10%～20％之间.研究表明土壤对外源无机氮的固定与释放是一个动态的过程,施肥方式和土壤粘土矿物组成对该过程有重要影响.化肥和秸秆配合施用能增强微生物对无机氮的同化,降低土壤粘土矿物对无机氮的固持.有机无机配施处理在降低化肥氮损失的同时提高了酸不溶性氮态的残留率,降低了无机氮形态(固定态铵和矿质氮)的残留.     

地下水NH4+-15N同位素测试技术进展

本文根据铵离子的物理化学性质,建立了各种测试分析技术.传统的NH4+_-15N同位素测试过程包括样品中NH4+的收集、转化为适于质谱分析的气态N2以及用15N同位素质谱进行分析.其中NH:的收集方法较多,包括蒸馏法、扩散法、离子交换柱法和沸石萃取法等.适于质谱分析气态N2的转化方法可分为化学湿法和干燃烧法.笔者就同位素分析测试过程中NH4+的收集、转化及15N测试各个步骤加以总结,分析各自方法的优缺点和适用范围,寻求问题的解决途径.并评述了最近出现的色谱-质谱联合分析法和叠氮法.最后对地下水NH4+-15N同位素测试技术的发展进行了展望,以期能够更广泛地应用于环境和水文地质领域.