Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of heat radiation from large liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) pool fires

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is flammable and has risks of pool fires during its transportation, storage, and applications. The heat radiation by LPG pool fires poses hazards to individuals nearby and can lead to potential failures of ambient facilities. Due to the high costs and invasive nature of experiments for investigating large-scale pool fires, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is employed in this study as the cost-effective and noninvasive method to simulate the process and analyze the characteristics of large hydrocarbon pool fires. Specifically, an experimentally validated 3-D CFD model has been built to simulate surface emissive power (SEP) and incident radiation of large-scale LPG pool fires with three different diameters and wind speeds. Steady-state simulations with P1 radiation and probability density function (PDF) combustion models were employed to obtain reliable data after the optimizations based on the comparisons with experimental data and empirical models. The comparison with benchmark experimental data demonstrates that the CFD model employed in this study can accurately predict the incident radiation of large LPG pool fires. A new SEP correlation is also proposed, which is specifically for LPG pool fires with a diameter between 10 m and 20 m. Additionally, the safe separation distances between LPG facilities and surrounded objects have been estimated based on the CFD simulation results. The high-resolution CFD model for large LPG pool fires in this work provides noninvasive and direct quantitative evidence to enhance the fundamental understanding on the safety of large LPG pool fires and can assist regulatory agencies in refining the safety limits in the cost-effective and time-saving manners.     

埋地管道泄漏自适应封堵机器人设计及研究

为解决管道在长期使用中出现的破损、杂质增多及因介质腐蚀和冲蚀产生不规则障碍物等一系列问题,采用模块化设计方法,提出1种驱动性能好、可靠性强的多体分布式自适应管道封堵修复机器人.通过建立机器人越障模型,研究驱动轮和支撑轮运行时的越障方程;在ADAMS软件中建立驱动单元模型,对其运行速度、驱动力、越障高度进行仿真分析;建立...     

香港城区汽车行驶工况的研究

对香港的汽车行驶工况进行了研究。将一套喇嘛攻尾气排放浓度的测量系统安装在一辆轻型车上，选择两个代表性路线研究了香港地区的模式，得出了一个基于实际汽车速度的行驶工况，这个行驶工况与美国、日本、欧洲已有的行驶工况有很大不同，建议香港地区车辆排放检测法规中采用该行驶工况。     

平顶山地区景观格局动态特征及驱动力分析

以平顶山地区为研究对象,利用平顶山地区1992年Landsat-TM影像和2006年中巴资源卫星遥感影像,运用景观生态学原理,借助遥感和GIS技术,选取景观多样性、景观优势度、景观均匀度、景观破碎度等指标指数进行分析,揭示平顶山地区近14 a来城市景观格局演变及其驱动力。研究结果表明:交通用地、工矿及居民点和耕地用地显著增加,林地、水域显著减少;除工矿及居民点外,该地区各类型斑块数量均有增加,其中林地增加最为显著;交通用地、工矿及居民点的破碎度降低,水域、林地、耕地的景观类型破碎度增高;耕地的分维数、形状指数呈下降趋势,而林地的分维数和形状指数呈上升趋势;平顶山地区景观多样性和均匀度都呈下降趋势,而优势度和破碎度增加;景观格局变化受人为因素影响较大,人口增加、经济发展、城镇化和工业发展是平顶山地区景观格局演变的主要驱动力。     

区域农地利用变化强度及其驱动机制研究--以原锡山市为例

在提出区域土地利用变化强度、农地利用变化强度及其测算方法的基础上，以无锡原锡山市为例。进行了农地利用变化强度的实际测算。并在对原锡山市农地利用变化驱动机制的理论分析的基础上，构建了该区域农地利用变化强度驱动因素的指标体系，在指标体系中特别引入了邻近城市(上海)辐射、耕地保护政策变化两项指标。运用主因子分析的方法对各指标进行定量分析，在理论分析与定量分析的基础上，建立了区域农地利用变化强度变化的驱动机制模型。研究结果表明：区域农业土地利用变化是区域经济发展、城市(上海)辐射、人口、耕地保护政策变化、农业集约化，以及城市化等因素综合作用的结果，尤其以前3项因素的作用为重。研究还表明，农地利用变化强度标准的引入是可行和有实际意义的。最后总结了区域农地利用变化的特点，并从土地资源保护、产业发展、土地利用决策等方面，就区域农业土地可持续利用管理提出了若干政策建议。     

基于隐性危险驾驶人感知特性及判别模型研究

为研究驾驶人在隐性危险场景中危险感知行为,基于Bayes判别法,将驾驶行为指标作为输入变量,建立驾驶人危险感知能力预测模型.结果表明:驾驶员在显性危险场景的纵向加速度显著低于隐性危险场景;驾驶人在隐性危险场景中TTC值小于显性危险场景;在被试车辆与轿车、行人、非机动车冲突3种交通冲突场景中,驾驶人对行人危险感知能力最弱...     

Covariability in three dimensions of teenage driving risk behavior: impaired driving,risky and unsafe driving behavior,and secondary task engagement

Objective: This research examined the extent to which teenagers who engaged in one form of risky driving also engaged in other forms and whether risky driving measures were reciprocally associated over time.

Methods: The data were from waves 1, 2, and 3 (W1, W2, and W3) of the NEXT Generation study, with longitudinal assessment of a nationally representative sample starting with 10th graders starting in 2009–2010. Three measures of risky driving were assessed in autoregressive and cross-lagged analyses: driving while alcohol/drug impaired (DWI), Checkpoints Risky Driving Scale (risky and unsafe driving), and secondary task engagement while driving.

Results: In adjusted autoregression models, the risk variables demonstrated high levels of stability, with significant associations observed across the 3 waves. However, associations between variables were inconsistent. DWI at W2 was associated with risky and unsafe driving at W3 (β = 0.21, P < .01); risky and unsafe driving at W1 was associated with DWI at W2 (β = 0.20, P < .01); and risky and unsafe driving at W2 is associated with secondary task engagement at W3 (β = 0.19, P < .01). Over time, associations between DWI and secondary task engagement were not significant.

Conclusions: Our findings provide modest evidence for the covariability of risky driving, with prospective associations between the Risky Driving Scale and the other measures and reciprocal associations between all 3 variables at some time points. Secondary task engagement, however, appears largely to be an independent measure of risky driving. The findings suggest the importance of implementing interventions that addresses each of these driving risks.     

Occupational Cognitive Failure and Its Relationship With Unsafe Behaviors and Accidents

Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between occupational cognitive failures (OCFs) and unsafe behaviors, accidents and driving offences among municipal bus drivers in Tehran, Iran. Methods. Systematic random sampling was used to select 190 drivers from 3 transport and traffic Tehran districts. Data were collected with the occupational cognitive failure questionnaire (OCFQ), the driver behavior questionnaire and a data collection form. Results. The mean (SD) numbers of driving-related offences and road traffic accidents were 1.5 (2.6) and 0.37 (1.0), respectively. The mean (SD) numbers of deliberate driving violations, unintended violations, driving slips and mistakes were 6.97 (5.5), 1.61 (1.5), 13.6 (9.0) and 4.53 (3.28), respectively. The mean (SD) number of the OCFs was 28.9 (20.5). A significant correlation was found between occupational cognitive error and unsafe driving behavior subscales. The stepwise logistic regression results showed that, while controlling the effects of confounding factors, the OCF predicts 6%, 9%, 15% and 9% of deliberate violations, unintended violations, driving slips and driving mistakes, respectively. Conclusion. The results of this study show that the score of the OCFQ is a predictor of unsafe driving behaviors and its subscales.     

Analysis of the chosen thermal and flammability parameters of dried sewage dust

The hazardous sludge disposal process in the form of landfills requires the determination inter alia of the flammable and explosion properties of dried sewage sludge dust, which has the ability to ignite and spontaneously combust when stored in silos. At a constant furnace surface temperature, the minimum ignition temperature of the sludge dust layer with a layer thickness of 5 mm is 270 °C, and for a layer thickness of 12.5 mm it is 250 °C. Two selected fire extinguishing powders for Class A, B, C and D fires were used in the study to determine the possibility of reducing the susceptibility of dried wastewater to ignition from heated surface, self-ignition and explosion parameters. The most effective extinguishing powder was ABC Favorit, which increased the value of the minimum ignition temperature of the layer (5 mm thick) to 360 °C and the spontaneous ignition temperature of the sludge with this powder increased by 22 °C at 169.6 cm³ in comparison to the sludge without extinguishing powder, respectively. The lowest self-ignition temperature of 136 °C was recorded for the largest tested volume (169.6 cm³) for dried sewage dust without any fire extinguishing powders. The biggest values of p_max and (dp/dt)_max dried sewage dust were recorded 4.8 bar and 113 bar/s respectively. By analysing the obtained test results, it can be assumed that dried sewage dust is a combustible material with properties similar to biomass.     

基于三维福利的城市生态福利强度及驱动模式——以长三角地区为例

基于2000—2017年长三角城市生态消耗和福利水平,分析生态福利强度时空演化过程及驱动模式。研究发现：长三角地区城市生态福利强度不断降低,多以低强度类型为主,城市生态系统服务的生态效率得以提高;空间演化上表现为外围地市的生态福利强度低于核心地市,较低和低强度类型范围呈现由四周向中心地区蔓延态势,中高强度类型主要分布在资源型、工业密集型地市;驱动因素中资源消耗效应、技术效应及福利效应对城市生态福利强度表现为显著的正向驱动效应,效率效应和经济效应的增强导致城市生态福利强度的降低,环境消耗效应和规模效应驱动作用不显著。据此,城市福利生态强度的驱动模式可划分为单因素支配型、双因素主导型、三因素协同型及四因素均衡型。